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Significant changes in the techniques and practice of agricultural chemical application have occurred during the past 100 years, especially since the 1960s. This article documents some of the major developments, discusses state-of-the-art technology, and looks at future needs for new and improved ground application technology. New technology has continually entered the market during the past 50 years and has increased application efficiency while protecting the environment. Technological advances include direct injection, on-board application systems, handling and control systems, air-assisted sprayers, electrostatic spraying, and nozzle development. This technology has allowed precise application of a wide array of fertilizers and pesticides with minimal impact on the environment.