Abstract
The GLOBE research program expanded the Hofstede model of five dimensions of national cultures to 18. A re-analysis based on GLOBE's 2004 summary book produced five meta-factors. One was significantly correlated with GNP/capita and, from the Hofstede dimensions, primarily with Power Distance. Three more correlated significantly with Hofstede's Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance and Long-Term Orientation. The fifth included the few GLOBE questions that related to Hofstede's dimension of Masculinity versus Femininity. GLOBE's respondents’ minds classified the questions in a way that the researchers’ minds did not account for and which closely resembles the original Hofstede model.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chinese Culture Connection (1987) ‘Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of culture’, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 18 (2): 143–174.
de Mooij, M. (2005) Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes, Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.
Harris, M. (1981) America Now: The Anthropology of a Changing Culture, Simon & Schuster: New York.
Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Sage: Beverly Hills, CA.
Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill: London.
Hofstede, G. (1998) ‘Attitudes, values and organizational culture: Disentangling the concepts’, Organization Studies 19 (3): 477–492.
Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, 2nd edn, Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.
Hofstede, G. and McCrae, R.R. (2004) ‘Personality and culture revisited: linking traits and dimensions of culture’, Cross-Cultural Research 38 (1): 52–88.
Hofstede, G., Arrindell, W.A., Best, D.L., de Mooij, M., Hoppe, M.H., van de Vliert, E., van Rossum, J.H.A., Verweij, J., Vunderink, M. and Williams, J.E. (1998) Masculinity and Femininity: The Taboo Dimension of National Cultures, Sage: Thousand Oaks CA.
Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D.D. and Sanders, G. (1990) ‘Measuring organizational cultures: a qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases’, Administrative Science Quarterly 35 (2): 286–316.
House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W. and Gupta, V. (eds), (2004) Culture, Leadership and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.
House, R.J., Javidan, M., Hanges, P.J. and Dorfman, P.W. (2002) ‘Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE’, Journal of World Business 37 (1): 3–10.
Inglehart, R., Basañez, M., Diez-Medrano, J., Halman, L. and Luijkx, R. (2004) Human Beliefs and Values: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook based on the 1999–2002 Values Surveys, Siglo XXI Editores: México.
Inglehart, R., Basañez, M. and Moreno, A. (1998) Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook, The University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI.
Inkeles, A. and Levinson, D.J. (1954) ‘National character: the study of modal personality and sociocultural systems’, in G Lindzey (ed.) Handbook of Social Psychology Vol. 2: Special Fields and Applications, Addison-Wesley: Cambridge, MA, 977–1020.
Javidan, M. and House, R.J. (2001) ‘Cultural acumen for the global manager: lessons from project GLOBE’, Organizational Dynamics 29 (4): 289–305.
Javidan, M. and House, R.J. (2002) ‘Leadership and cultures around the world: findings from GLOBE: an introduction to the special issue’, Journal of World Business 37 (1): 1–2.
Klein, S.M., Kraut, A.I. and Wolfson, A. (1971) ‘Employee reactions to attitude survey feedback: a study of the impact of structure and process’, Administrative Science Quarterly 16 (4): 497–514.
Kuhn, T.S. (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2nd edn,.
Levitin, T. (1973) ‘Values’, in J.P. Robinson and P.R. Shaver (eds.) Measures of Social Psychological Attitudes, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan: Ann Arbor MI, pp 489–502.
Miller, G.A. (1956) ‘The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information’, Psychological Review 63 (2): 81–97.
Sadler, P.J. and Hofstede, G. (1972) ‘Leadership styles: preferences and perceptions of employees of an international company in different countries’, International Studies of Management and Organization 6 (3): 87–113.
Schimmack, U., Oishi, S. and Diener, E. (2005) ‘Individualism: a valid and important dimension of cultural differences between nations’, Personality and Social Psychology Review 9 (1): 17–31.
Schwartz, S.H. and Bardi, A. (2001) ‘Value Hierarchies Across Cultures: Taking a Similarities Perspective’, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 32 (3): 268–290.
Smith, P.B., Peterson, M.F. and Schwartz, S.E. (2002) ‘Cultural values, sources of guidance, and their relevance to managerial behavior: A 47-nation study’, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 33 (2): 188–202.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks JIBS departmental editor Kwok Leung for negotiating access to the GLOBE country mean item scores, Robert J House and the GLOBE team for providing these scores, and Dr Frank Chau for handling my extensive requests for analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Accepted by Kwok Leung, Deputy Editor-in-Chief, 5 June, 2006. This paper has been with the author for two revisions. Copyright in the content of this paper resides with the author.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hofstede, G. What did GLOBE really measure? Researchers’ minds versus respondents’ minds. J Int Bus Stud 37, 882–896 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400233
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400233