A2 Level German Grammar

GERMANGRAMMAR
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E I N H E I T
Das Reisen

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Present Tense Conjugations (Konjugationen im Prsens) Prefixed Verbs (Verben mit Prfix) Gender (Geschlecht) Compound Nouns (Komposita) The Function of Case, Part 1: Nominative, Accusative, and Dative (Kasusfunktion Teil 1: Nominativ, Akkusativ und Dativ) Declension of der-Words (Deklination von der-Wrtern) Declension of ein-Words (Deklination von ein-Wrtern) Weak Nouns (N-Deklination) Dative Verbs (Dativverben) Accusative Prepositions (Prpositionen mit dem Akkusativ) Dative Prepositions (Prpositionen mit dem Dativ) Two-Way Prepositions (Wechselprpositionen) Imperatives (Imperativ)
1.1 Present Tense Conjugations (Konjugationen im Prsens)

Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
A note about verb classes: German verbs can be classified into categories according to how they are conjugated. Some grammar textbooks use terms such as weak, strong, or mixed as names for verb classes; this book will not use those terms, but will instead use the following terminology for easier reference. 1.
REGULAR
(instead of weak) An example of a regular verb is machen: er macht, er machte, er hat gemacht. Other examples include fragen, lachen, reservieren, and wandern. With regular verbs, there is no vowel change in the simple past. It is formed with the suffix -te: Er machte sich auf den Weg an den Strand. With irregular verbs, there is a vowel change in some conjugations.
2.
IRREGULAR
a.
IRREGULAR WITHOUT -TE IN THE SIMPLE PAST (instead of strong) An example is the verb kommen: er kommt, er kam, er ist ... gekommen. The simple past is formed without -te: Er kam zum Strand. Other examples include fahren, gehen, and schlafen. IRREGULAR WITH -TE IN THE SIMPLE PAST
b.
(instead of mixed) An example is the verb kennen: er kennt, er kannte, er hat ... gekannt. The simple past tense is formed with -te: Er kannte den Strand sehr gut. Other examples include brennen, nennen, rennen, senden, bringen, denken, mgen, wissen, and the modal verbs.
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Forms
1. Most German verbs form the present tense by dropping the -en from the infinitive and adding the personal endings:
INFINITIVE:
mach | en wir ihr sie/Sie -en -t -en (machen) (macht) (machen)
ich du er/sie/es/man
-e -st -t
(mache) (machst) (macht)
2. Some irregular verbs change a stem vowel in the second- and third-person singular. ei geben: ich gebe du gibst, er/sie/es/man gibt (also essen, helfen, nehmen, sprechen, sterben, treffen, vergessen) e ie sehen: ich sehe du siehst, er/sie/es/man sieht (also lesen, stehlen) a fahren: ich fahre du fhrst, er/sie/es/man fhrt (also anfangen, einladen, gefallen, halten, lassen, schlafen, schlagen, tragen, waschen) au u laufen: ich laufe du lufst, er/sie/es/man luft 3. If the verb stem ends in -d or -t, an e is inserted before the -st and -t endings for easier pronunciation.1
INFINITIVE:
arbeit | en wir arbeit ihr arbeit sie/Sie arbeit -en -et -en (arbeiten) (arbeitet) (arbeiten)
ich arbeit du arbeit er/sie/es/man arbeit
-e -est -et
(arbeite) (arbeitest) (arbeitet)
1Irregular verbs which have a stem vowel change in the du and er/sie/es/man forms do not insert an e; for example, halten du hltst, er/sie/es/man hlt; raten du rtst, er/sie/es/man rt.
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4. The verbs haben, sein, werden, and wissen conjugate irregularly in the present tense. haben ich du er/sie/es/man wir ihr sie/Sie habe hast hat haben habt haben sein bin bist ist sind seid sind werden werde wirst wird werden werdet werden wissen wei weit wei wissen wisst wissen
Examples
1. Im Urlaub mache ich am liebsten gar nichts! 2. Er arbeitet im Juni vier Wochen, damit er im Juli nach Kroatien fliegen kann. 3. Wohin fhrst du diesen Sommer? 4. Hast du schon ein Urlaubsziel? When I am on vacation I prefer to do nothing! Hes working four weeks in June so that he can go to Croatia in July. Where are you going this summer? Do you know yet where you will be traveling?
Explanation
In a main clause the conjugated verb is always the element in second position. The most common element in first position is the subject, but it is also possible to put other elements of the sentence in first position. 1 1 Ich
2 mache mache mache
3 im Urlaub am liebsten gar nichts. ich am liebsten gar nichts. ich im Urlaub gar nichts.
Im Urlaub Am liebsten
The element in first position does not necessarily have only one word, it can have several components; it forms a contextual unit. When the subject is not in first position, it moves to third position. In a question that starts with a question word, the conjugated verb is also in second position. Wohin fhrst du diesen Sommer? A question can also start with the verb. Questions of this sort have yes or no for an answer. Hast du Lust mit mir zu verreisen? Ja. For the present perfect tense and the future tense, please see Einheit 3. For modal verbs please see Einheit 4.
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1.2 Prefixed Verbs (Verben mit Prfix)

Many verbs add prefixes to form other verbs with different meanings. Many of these prefixes look like prepositions, but they function much differently from prepositions.
Forms
1. Inseparable prefixes: be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, zer2. Separable prefixes: ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, bei-, ein-, fest-, her-, hin-, mit-, nach-, vor-, weg-, zu-, zurck-, zusammen-
Examples
1. verreisen: erzhlen: besichtigen: 2. ausgeben: mitbringen: ansehen: Sie verreist geschftlich. Sie erzhlten ihren Freunden von der Reise. Sie hat die Chinesische Mauer besichtigt. Ich gebe zu viel Geld aus! Ich brachte dir eine Kalligraphie aus China mit. Ich habe mir die Chinesische Mauer angesehen. She is going away on a business trip. They told their friends about the trip. She visited the Great Wall of China. I spend too much money! I brought you a calligraphy print from China. I visited the Great Wall of China.
Explanation
1. Inseparable prefixes never separate from the base verb. They always form a unit. 2. Separable prefixes separate from the base verb when conjugated in a main clause. In the present and simple past tense the prefix moves to the end of the main clause. In forming the past participle, a ge is inserted between the prefix and the base verb: Ich habe viel Geld ausgegeben. I spent a lot of money.
A separable prefix does not separate from the base verb in a subordinate clause: Wenn ich weiter so viel Geld ausgebe, kann ich nicht in Urlaub fahren. Weil ich ihr Tee aus China mitbrachte, freute meine Mutter sich sehr. If I keep spending so much money, I will not be able to afford to go on vacation. Because I brought her tea from China, my mother was pleased.
3. Some prefixes can be used separably or inseparably: durch-, hinter-, ber-, um-, unter-, wider-, and wieder. There is, however, a difference in meaning. Ein Freund bersetzt fr mich die Hotelreservierung auf Italienisch. Wir fahren diesen Sommer nach Sardinien; vom Festland setzen wir mit einer Fhre ber. A friend is translating the Italian hotel reservation for me. Were going to go to Sardinia this summer; well transfer from the mainland by ferry.
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1.3 Gender (Geschlecht)

German uses three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. The article used before the noun indicates its gender, and it is always best to learn the noun together with the article as a unit, because it is usually hard to determine the article by hard-and-fast rules. There are, however, some general rules for determining the article. Forms and examples are shown below.
Forms and Examples

M Masculine Suffixes -ig -ling -us Examples der Kfig der Frhling der Rhythmus
Feminine Suffixes -ie -ion -heit -keit -schaft -tt -ung -ur
Examples die Biologie die Expedition die Gesundheit die Langsamkeit die Gesellschaft die Universitt die Bedingung die Kultur
Neuter Suffixes -chen -ment -(i)um
Examples das Mdchen das Argument das Studium
Explanation
In general, grammatical gender matches the biological gender of a person, e.g. der Mann, die Frau, but this is not always the case: das Mdchen, das Kind.
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1.4 Compound Nouns (Komposita)

Typical for German is the ability of the language to combine words to make longer words. der Flug, die Flge die Flugbegleiterin, -nen das Flugbegleiterinnenteam, -s (der Flug) (die Begleiterin) (das Team)
Explanation
In compound words, both gender and number are determined by the last word in the compound.
1.5 The Function of Case, Part 1: Nominative,
Accusative, and Dative (Kasusfunktion Teil 1: Nominativ, Akkusativ und Dativ)
German uses four cases: nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive. This section provides an overview of all four cases, but a detailed discusson of the genitive is reserved for Einheit 3.
Examples
Nominative Der Flug in die Karibik war vllig ausgebucht.
SUBJECT
The flight to the Caribbean was completely booked. This flight is my first flight to America.
Dieser Flug ist mein erster Flug nach Amerika.

SUBJECT PREDICATE NOMINATIVE
Accusative Dieser Flug kostet einen Haufen Geld!

DIRECT OBJECT
This flight costs a fortune!
Dative Ich bringe meiner Schwester ein Andenken mit.

INDIRECT OBJECT
Ill bring my sister a souvenir.
Genitive Das ist das Buch der Frau an der Tr.

POSSESSOR
The book belongs to the woman at the door.
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Explanation

The nominative case is for the subject, as well as for predicate nominatives (used with the verbs sein, heien, werden, and bleiben). The accusative case is for direct objects, as well as for nouns following accusative prepositions (Section 1.10) and two-way prepositions (Section 1.12). 1.11) and two-way prepositions (Section 1.12), and for the objects of certain dative verbs (Section 1.9).
The dative case is for indirect objects, for nouns following dative prepositions (Section The genitive case is primarily for possession (to be elaborated in Einheit 3).
1.6 Declension of der-Words (Deklination von der-Wrtern)

der-words are: 1. the definite articles: der, die, das, den, dem, des 2. dies-, jed-, jen-, manch-, solch-, welch3. in the plural: alle-, beide-
Forms and Examples

Masculine Nominative der/dieser Flug Accusative Dative Genitive
Feminine die/diese Reise die/diese Reise der/dieser Reise der/dieser Reise
Neuter das/dieses Ziel das/dieses Ziel dem/diesem Ziel des/dieses Zieles1
Plural die/diese/alle Flge die/diese/alle Flge den/diesen/allen Flgen der/dieser/aller Flge
den/diesen Flug dem/diesem Flug des/dieses Fluges1
Explanation

All der-words have the same endings (see chart above). The definite articles der, die, das, are equivalent to English the. Most nouns decline as shown above (see Section 1.8 for exceptions). Note: In the dative plural an -n must be added if the noun plural does not already end in -n: der Freund, die Freunde Ich fahre mit meinen Freunden in Urlaub. I go/Im going on vacation with my friends.
Exception: Noun plurals ending in -s (mit den Autos).
1des
Fluges, des Zieles The es is added because the nouns Flug and Ziel are monosyllabic; otherwise the genitive ending is s. See Einheit 3.
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1.7 Declension of ein-Words (Deklination von ein-Wrtern)

ein-words are: 1. the indefinite articles: ein, eine, einen, einem, eines 2. the negative article kein3. the possessive articles: mein-, dein-, sein-, ihr-/Ihr-, unser-, and eu(e)r-
Forms
Masculine Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive (k)ein Flug (k)einen Flug (k)einem Flug (k)eines Fluges1 Feminine (k)eine Reise (k)eine Reise (k)einer Reise (k)einer Reise Neuter (k)ein Ziel (k)ein Ziel (k)einem Ziel (k)eines Zieles1 Plural keine Flge keine Flge keinen Flgen keiner Flge
Examples
1. Wir haben in einem wunderbaren Hotel bernachtet. 2. Leider hatten die Zimmer keinen Balkon. 3. Mein letzter Urlaub war toll! Wie war eurer? Uns(e)re Ferien waren super! We stayed in a wonderful hotel. Unfortunately the rooms didnt have a balcony. My last vacation was wonderful! How was yours? Our vacation was great!
Explanation
The ein-words include ein-, kein-, and the possessive articles. All ein-words share the same endings (see chart above). The ein-words ein, eine, einen, are equivalent to English a. Note: There are no indefinite articles in the plural!
Every pronoun (e.g. ich) has a corresponding possessive article (e.g. mein). ich du sie er es man mein dein ihr sein sein sein wir ihr sie Sie unser euer ihr Ihr
1(k)eines
Fluges, (k)eines Zieles the -es is added because the nouns Flug and Ziel are monosyllabic; otherwise the genitive ending is -s. See Einheit 3.
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When unser takes an ending, the e just before the r is sometimes dropped when speaking. When euer takes an ending, the e just before the r is always dropped.
1.8 Weak Nouns (N-Deklination)

Section 1.6 shows the regular noun declension. There are some mostly masculine nouns that decline differently.
Forms
1. der Junge, -n Singular Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive der Junge den Jungen dem Jungen des Jungen Plural die Jungen die Jungen den Jungen der Jungen
2. der Mensch, -en Singular Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive

Plural die Menschen die Menschen den Menschen der Menschen
der Mensch den Menschen dem Menschen des Menschen
3. der Herr, -en Singular Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive der Herr den Herrn dem Herrn des Herrn Plural die Herren die Herren den Herren der Herren
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4. der Name, -n Singular Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive der Name den Namen dem Namen des Namens Plural die Namen die Namen den Namen der Namen
Explanation and Examples

Some masculine nouns add -(e)n to all cases except to the nominative singular. a. Male beings ending in -e: der Experte, der Junge, der Kunde, der Neffe (Form 1, p. 325) b. Some masculine nouns not ending in -e: der Bauer, der Herr, der Mensch, der Nachbar (Form 2, p. 325) Herr takes -n in the singular, but -en in the plural (Form 3, p. 325). c. A number of nouns indicating nationality or religion: der Deutsche, der Franzose, der Trke, der Katholik, der Protestant, der Jude, d. Male beings ending in the foreign suffixes -ant, -arch, -ast, -ege, -ent, -ist, -oge, -om, -oph, -ot: der Kollege, der Student, der Tourist, der Philosoph, der Pilot, e. Some nouns add an additional -s in the genitive case: der Buchstabe, der Gedanke, der Name (Form 4, above) note also the forms of the neuter noun das Herz: das Herz, dem Herzen, des Herzens, (Pl.) Herzen
1.9 Dative Verbs (Dativverben)

Dative verbs require an object in the dative case.
Examples
1. Ich besichtige die chinesische Mauer.
ACCUSATIVE
Im visiting the Great Wall of China. I always write my parents from my vacation trips.
2. Ich schreibe meinen Eltern aus dem

DATIVE
Urlaub immer eine Postkarte.

ACCUSATIVE
3. Ich helfe meiner Freundin (ihren Koffer) packen.

DATIVE
Im helping my friend pack (her suitcase).
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Explanation
1. Most verbs that have objects require the accusative case. 2. Some verbs can take both an accusative and a dative object. 3. A few verbs always need a dative object. They are called dative verbs. Some of them can have an accusative object as well, but not necessarily. Some of these verbs are: antworten danken gehorchen gehren geschehen gratulieren helfen passen passieren raten schaden schmecken wehtun widersprechen to to to to to to to to to to to to to to answer thank obey belong to happen congratulate help suit, fit happen advise harm taste, taste good hurt, to pain contradict
1.10 Accusative Prepositions (Prpositionen mit

dem Akkusativ)
Articles, adjectives, and nouns that follow prepositions require a certain case. The case depends on the preposition. For some prepositions the accusative case is used. These are called accusative prepositions.
Meaning
bis durch fr gegen ohne um wider until, to; as far as; by through for against; toward without around (spatial); at (temporal) against
Contractions in oral conversation: durchs (durch das) frs (fr das) ums (um das)
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1.11 Dative Prepositions (Prpositionen mit dem Dativ)

Some prepositions cause the articles, adjectives, and nouns that follow them to be in the dative case. Here are the most commonly used dative prepositions.
Meaning
aus auer bei gegenber gem mit nach samt seit von zu zufolge out of; away from; from; made of except for, besides by, near; at; with, during across from, opposite according to with; by after; to; according to along with, together with; including since of; from; by; about to; at according to
Common contractions: beim (bei dem) vom (von dem) zum (zu dem) zur (zu der)
The form zufolge is usually placed after the noun: seiner Aussage zufolge according to his statement
1.12 Two-Way Prepositions (Wechselprpositionen)

A certain group of prepositions causes the following noun to be either in the accusative case or the dative case, depending on the meaning of the sentence. These include the following prepositions.
Meaning
an auf entlang hinter in neben ber unter vor zwischen at; on; to on, upon; at along behind in; into beside, next to over; across; above; about under; below; among in front of; ago between
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Common contractions: am (an dem) ans (an das) ins (in das) im (in dem)
Contractions in oral conversation: aufs (auf das) hinterm (hinter dem) hinters (hinter das) berm (ber dem) bers (ber das) unterm (unter dem) unters (unter das) vorm (vor dem) vors (vor das)
Examples
Ich mchte mit dir um die Welt reisen! Ich mchte mit dir im weien Sand liegen. Wo ist sie? Am Strand. Wohin geht sie? An den Strand. Location: Entlang dem Fluss stehen Bume. Id like to travel with you around the world. Id like to lie in the white sand with you. Where is she? At the beach. Where is she going? To the beach. Trees stand along the river. Im walking along the river.
Movement: Ich gehe den Fluss entlang.
Explanation
Accusative prepositions always take the accusative case. Dative prepositions always take the dative case. Two-way prepositions take the dative case when they indicate location. They take the
indicating movement along an object.
accusative case when they indicate direction or movement towards an object or place.
Note: The two-way preposition entlang follows the noun in the accusative case when
Location versus Movement

There are four pairs of verbs that are often used with two-way prepositions. One verb in each pair is regular and the other is irregular. When describing the location of an object or a person, the irregular form is used. When talking about movement towards the object or person, the regular form is used. This is the case with the following verbs: hngen (hing, hat gehangen) vs. hngen (hngte, hat gehngt) Location: Als ich ins Hotel gekommen bin, hat ein Zettel an der Zimmertr gehangen.
Movement: Meine Freundin hat ihn dorthin gehngt: ,Bin am Strand. sitzen (sa, hat gesessen) vs. (sich) setzen (setzte, hat gesetzt) Location: Meine Freundin sitzt am Strand und liest ein Buch.
Movement: Ich setze mich neben sie.
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stehen (stand, hat gestanden) vs. (sich) stellen (stellte, hat gestellt) Location: Ihre Tasche steht im Sand.
Movement: Ich stelle meine Schuhe daneben. liegen (lag, hat gelegen) vs. (sich) legen (legte, hat gelegt) Location: Neben uns liegt ein attraktiver Mann.
Movement: Eine nette Frau kommt und legt sich zu ihm.
Summary
LOCATION In response to the question WO? hngen (irreg.), sitzen, stehen, liegen MOVEMENT In response to the question WOHIN? hngen (reg.), setzen, stellen, legen
1.13 Imperatives (Imperativ)

The form of verbs for giving commands or instructions is called the imperative mood or simply imperative.
Forms
The imperative has four forms: 1. 2. 3. 4. du-form ihr-form Sie-form wir-form (familiar, singular) (familiar, plural) (formal, singular or plural) (first person plural: Lets . . .)
Examples
1. du-form
PRESENT TENSE IMPERATIVE
a. du buchst du reist b. du bringst c. du fhrst du lufst
du buchst du reist du bringst du fhrst du lufst
Buch(e) eine Reise in die Anden! Book a trip to the Andes! Reis(e) doch in den Sden! Travel to the south! Bring(e) feste Schuhe mit! Bring along good shoes! Fahr(e) doch nach Italien! Go to Italy! Lauf(e) doch am Strand! Go jogging on the beach!
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d. du sprichst du entdeckst e. du reitest
du sprichst du entdeckst du reitest
Sprich doch mit dem Hotelmanager! Talk to the hotel manager! Entdecke die Schnheit Mexikos! Discover the beauty of Mexico! Reite doch den Strand entlang! Do some horseback riding along the coast! Come to Greece again soon! Come to Crete! Lets go diving today!
2. ihr-form: Kommt bald wieder nach Griechenland! 3. Sie-form: Kommen Sie nach Kreta! 4. wir-form: Gehen wir doch heute tauchen!
Explanation
1. a. The du-imperative is formed from the second person singular in the present tense. The -(s)t ending of this form and the pronoun are then omitted. If the -s is part of the stem, it is not omitted. b. When a separable prefix verb is used the prefix separates from the base verb and moves to the end of the sentence. c. Irregular verbs with the stem changes a and au u lose the umlaut in the imperative. d. An optional -e can be added to all du- imperative forms, except for irregular verbs with the present-tense vowel shift e i or e ie, e.g., sprechen, sprich; lesen, lies. The -e is often omitted for other verbs, particularly in colloquial German. Verbs with an imperative form of more than one syllable, however, very often take the extra -e, e.g., entdecken, entdecke. e. Note: Verbs with the stem ending in -d or -t always take an -e on the end! 2. The ihr-form imperative is the same as the ihr-form of the present tense, but the pronoun is omitted. 3. The Sie-form imperative is the same as the Sie-form of the present tense, but the verb is always followed by the pronoun Sie.
4. The wir-form imperative is the same as the wir-form of the present tense, but the verb is always followed by the pronoun wir.
The imperative forms of sein are irregular: du-form: ihr-form: Sie-form: wir-form: Sei anders! Seid anders! Seien Sie anders! Seien wir anders! Be different! Be different! Be different! Lets be different!
The du-imperative forms of haben, werden, and wissen are irregular as well: Hab(e) Spa! Werd(e) schn braun! Wisse immer, wann du aufhren musst!
Bitte or flavoring particles such as doch and mal can accompany the imperative. Bitte makes a command more polite. For the meanings of the other flavoring particles see Einheit 10.
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E I N H E I T
Das Fernweh zur Zeit Goethes

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Expressing Purpose with um zu and damit (Finalstze mit um ... zu und damit) Verbs with Prepositional Complements (Verben mit Prpositionalobjekt) da-Compounds (da-Komposita) Simple Past Tense (Prteritum) wo-Compounds (wo-Komposita)
2.1 Expressing Purpose with um zu and damit

(Finalstze mit um ... zu und damit)
Purpose can be expressed with the construction um zu + infinitive or with the conjunction damit.
Meaning
damit um zu so that; in order that in order to
Examples
1. ltere Meister nahmen junge Handwerker bei sich auf, damit diese von ihnen lernen konnten. 2. Die Menschen wandern, um in der Natur zu sein. 3. Goethe schrieb Gedichte, um seine Probleme zu verarbeiten. 4. Goethe zog nach Weimar, um in den weimarischen Staatsdienst einzutreten. 5. Goethe reiste nach Italien, um das Land und die Leute kennen zu lernen. 6. Goethe studierte Jura, um seinem Vater nicht zu widersprechen. Older masters took in young craftsmen so that the craftsmen could learn from them. People hike in order to be in nature. Goethe wrote poems in order to come to terms with his problems. Goethe moved to Weimar in order to enter the Weimar civil service. Goethe traveled to Italy in order to get to know the country and its people. Goethe studied law in order not to contradict his father.
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Explanation
Both damit and um zu express an intention or a purpose. Damit is used if the subject in the main clause is different from the subject in the dependent clause. If the subject of the main clause and of the dependent clause is the same, it is preferable to use um zu. In dependent clauses using damit or um zu, the modal verbs sollen, wollen, mchten, and mssen cannot be used, because their meaning is already implied. Position of zu: 2. Zu is placed between um and the infinitive. It is in second-to-last position. The infinitive is in final position. 3. If the verb has an inseparable prefix, the same rule applies. 4. If the verb has a separable prefix, zu is placed between the prefix and the main verb. This new infinitive is in final position. 5. If the infinitive consists of two verbs, zu is placed between them.
Note: Within the um zu + INFINITIVE construction, um is not considered a preposition. The case of the noun is dependent upon either a preposition (if applicable; see Examples 2 [in der Natur] and 4 [in den weimarischen Staatsdienst]) or the infinitive (see Examples 3, 5, and 6: verarbeiten [3] and kennen lernen [5] both take the accusative case; widersprechen [6] is a dative verb).
2.2 Verbs with Prepositional Complements

(Verben mit Prpositionalobjekt)
German, like English, uses verbs in conjunction with certain prepositions to create specific meanings.
Meaning
antworten auf (+ acc.) sich beschftigen mit bestehen aus bitten um danken fr denken an (+ acc.) diskutieren ber (+ acc.) sich erinnern an (+ acc.) erzhlen von sich freuen auf (+ acc.) sich freuen ber (+ acc.) sich gewhnen an (+ acc.) handeln von hoffen auf (+ acc.) sich interessieren fr to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to answer to, reply to be occupied with, occupy oneself with consist of ask for thank for think of, have in mind discuss remember tell about, talk about look forward to be happy about get used to, become accustomed to deal with, be about hope for be interested in
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lachen ber (+ acc.) leiden an (+ dat.) schreiben an (+ acc.) schreiben ber (+ acc.) sprechen ber (+ acc.) sprechen von suchen nach teilnehmen an (+ dat.) vergleichen mit sich verlieben in (+ acc.) (sich) vorbereiten auf (+ acc.) warten auf (+ acc.) zweifeln an (+ dat.)
to to to to to to to to to to to to to
laugh at suffer from write to write about speak about, talk about speak about, speak of look for participate in compare with fall in love with prepare (oneself) for wait for doubt, have doubts about
Examples
1. Eine Oper besteht aus mehreren Akten. 2. Der junge Werther schrieb viele Briefe an seinen Freund Wilhelm. 3. Er sprach viel mit seinem Freund ber Lotte. 4. Er hat sich in Lotte verliebt. An opera consists of several acts. The young Werther wrote a lot of letters to his friend Wilhelm. He talked to his friend a lot about Lotte. He fell in love with Lotte.
Explanation
1. The verb forms a unit with the prepositional complement. 2. Some verbs with a prepositional complement require an additional object. The additional object comes before the prepositional complement. 3. Some verbs require two prepositional complements. In general, a dative prepositional complement comes before an accusative prepositional complement. 4. Many reflexive verbs require a prepositional complement. (For the placement of sich, see Einheit 5, Section 5.1). Prepositions used as verbal complements take the accusative or dative case. Accusative prepositions take the accusative case (Einheit 1, Section 1.10), dative prepositions take the dative case (Einheit 1, Section 1.11). The location/movement rule determining case after two-way prepositions does not apply when prepositions are used as verbal complements. Therefore, it is important to learn the verb, the preposition, and the case together as a unit. There are, however, some guidelines for prepositions as verbal complements:
The preposition ber always takes an accusative object. The preposition auf almost always takes an accusative object.
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2.3 da-Compounds (da-Komposita)

Da-compounds are compound words that consist of the prefix da + (r) + used in conjunction with verbs with prepositional complements.
PREPOSITION.
They are
Forms
da + (r) + daran darauf daraus dabei dadurch
PREPOSITION
dafr dagegen dahinter darin damit
danach daneben darber darum darunter
davon davor dazu dazwischen
There are a few prepositions that cannot form a da-compound: bis, ohne, and wider (with accusative case) and auer, gegenber, and seit (with dative case).
Examples
1. Der Briefroman Die Leiden des jungen Werther handelt davon, dass Werther sich in Lotte verliebt. 2. Goethe dachte mglicherweise selbst daran, wie Werther, Selbstmord zu begehen. 3. Goethe schreibt ber eine unglckliche Liebe. 4. a. Schreibt Werther ber die Liebe? Ja, er schreibt darber.
The epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther is about Werther falling in love with Lotte. It is possible that Goethe thought about committing suicide himself, like Werther. Goethe writes about an unhappy love. Does Werther write about love? Yes, he writes about it. Does Werther write about Lotte? Yes, he writes about her. Goethes Werther had a lot of suicides as a consequence, but one doesnt like to think about that.
b. Schreibt Werther ber Lotte? Ja, er schreibt ber sie. 5. Goethes Werther hatte viele Suizide zur Folge, aber daran mchte man nicht gerne denken.
Explanation
1. da +
PREPOSITION
is used if the preposition starts with a consonant. is used if the preposition starts with a vowel.
2. da + r +
PREPOSITION
1+2. A da-compound is used if it is followed by a dependent clause or an infinitive phrase. 3. Only the preposition is used if a noun follows. 4. da-compounds refer only to things and concepts, not to people. 5. A da-compound can also refer to an entire preceding clause.
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2.4 Simple Past Tense (Prteritum)

The simple past tense is used to describe events that took place in the past. It is mostly used in writing.
Forms
1. studieren ich studierte du studiertest er/sie/es/man studierte heiraten ich heiratete du heiratetest er/sie/es/man heiratete wir heirateten ihr heiratetet sie/Sie heirateten wir studierten ihr studiertet sie/Sie studierten
2. a
kommen ich kam du kamst er/sie/es/man kam finden ich fand du fandest er/sie/es/man fand lesen ich las du lasest er/sie/es/man las wir lasen ihr last sie/Sie lasen wir fanden ihr fandet sie/Sie fanden
wir kamen ihr kamt sie/Sie kamen
2. b
denken ich dachte du dachtest er/sie/es/man dachte wir dachten ihr dachtet sie/Sie dachten
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senden ich sandte du sandtest er/sie/es/man sandte wir sandten ihr sandtet sie/Sie sandten
mchten/(wollen)* ich wollte du wolltest er/sie/es/man wollte wir wollten ihr wolltet sie/Sie wollten
Examples
1. Goethe studierte Jura in Leipzig. 2. a. In Friedrich Schiller fand Goethe einen Freund. b. Werther sandte seinem Freund Wilhelm Briefe. 3. a. Goethe sah sich gern die Bcher ber Italien an, die in der Bibliothek seines Vaters standen. b. Als Goethe die Bcher seines Vaters ansah, wusste er, dass auch er nach Italien fahren wollte. Goethe studied law in Leipzig. Goethe found a friend in Friedrich Schiller. Werther sent letters to his friend Wilhelm. Goethe loved to look at the books about Italy that were in his fathers library. When Goethe saw his fathers books, he knew he wanted to go to Italy, too.
Explanation
1. The simple past tense of regular verbs is formed by adding -te plus personal endings to the infinitive stem.
Note: The first and third persons singular do not add personal endings! If the infinitive stem ends in -d, -t, or in a single -m or -n preceded by a consonant other than l or r, then an e is added before the -te to facilitate pronunciation.
2. The simple past tense of irregular verbs is formed by changing the vowel and sometimes also the consonant of the infinitive stem and by adding personal endings to this stem. (Refer to the list of irregular verbs in the appendix of the Anders gedacht textbook, Anhang B.)
Note: The first and third persons singular do not add personal endings!
a. Most irregular verbs form the simple past tense without -te, e.g., fahren, gehen, kommen, schlafen, If the simple past tense stem ends in -d, -t, then an e is added before the personal endings -st (second person singular) and -t (second person plural) to facilitate pronunciation. The e before the -st ending, however, is sometimes left out.
*The verb form mchten has no simple past tense form. The simple past tense forms of wollen are typically used to express the notion of mchten in the simple past tense.
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Simple past stems ending in -s, -ss, -, and -z also require an e before the -st ending in the second person singular.
b. A few irregular verbs form the simple past tense with -te: brennen, bringen, denken, nennen, rennen, senden, wissen, mgen, and the modal verbs.
Note: senden and wenden do not add an e between the simple past tense stem and the -te even though the stem ends in -d: du sandtest, wandtest. Note: mchten has no simple past tense form. The simple past tense forms of wollen are typically used to express the notion of mchten in the simple past tense.
3. a. In the simple past tense separable prefixes separate from the verb in main clauses. b. In dependent clauses separable prefixes are attached to the base verb. 4. Verbs haben, sein, and werden The verb haben is irregular with a -te ending; sein and werden are irregular without -te. haben ich hatte du hattest er/sie/es/man hatte wir hatten ihr hattet sie/Sie hatten
sein ich war du warst er/sie/es/man war wir waren ihr wart sie/Sie waren
werden ich wurde du wurdest er/sie/es/man wurde wir wurden ihr wurdet sie/Sie wurden
5. The simple past tense has several English equivalents. Ich studierte. I studied. I was studying. I used to study.
6. In conversation, the simple past tense of haben, sein, and the modal verbs is preferred over the present perfect tense of those verbs.
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2.5 wo-Compounds (wo-Komposita)

Wo-compounds are compound words that consist of the prefix wo + (r) + used in conjunction with verbs with prepositional complements.
PREPOSITION.
They are
Forms
wo + (r) + woran worauf woraus wobei wodurch wofr wogegen worin
PREPOSITION
womit wonach worber worum worunter wovon wovor wozu
There are some prepositions that cannot form a wo-compound: bis, ohne, and wider (with accusative case); auer, gegenber, and seit (with dative case).
Examples
1. Wofr interessierte sich Goethe? 2. Worber schrieb Goethe? 3. ber was schrieb Goethe? 4. Wo studierte Goethe Jura? 5. a. Worber schreibt Werther? ber die Liebe.
What was Goethe interested in? What did Goethe write about? What did Goethe write about? Where did Goethe study law? What does Werther write about? About love. Who(m) does Werther write about? About Lotte.
b. ber wen schreibt Werther? ber Lotte.
Explanation
1. wo +
PREPOSITION
is used if the preposition starts with a consonant. is used if the preposition starts with a vowel.
2. wo + r +
PREPOSITION
1+2. wo-compounds are question words. 3. The form

PREPOSITION
+ was is considered colloquial.
4. Verbs that have no prepositional complement form a question with simple question words, for example wo, wer, wie, was, warum. 5. wo-compounds refer only to things and concepts, not to people.
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E I N H E I T
Die Grnen und ihre Politik

3.1 The Function of Case, Part 2: Genitive (Kasusfunktion Teil 2: Genitiv) 3.2 Two-Part Conjunctions sowohl als auch and weder noch (Zweiteilige Konjunktionen sowohl als auch und weder noch) 3.3 Present Perfect Tense (Perfekt) 3.4 Genitive Prepositions (Prpositionen mit Genitiv) 3.5 Future Tense (Futur)
3.1 The Function of Case, Part 2: Genitive

(Kasusfunktion Teil 2: Genitiv)
The genitive case indicates a relationship between two nouns. It is used primarily to express possession or ownership.
Forms
GENITIVE ARTICLES AND NOUN ENDINGS Masculine Feminine Neuter Articles Noun Endings des/eines/keines -(e)s der/einer/keiner des/eines/keines -(e)s Plural
der//keiner
DER-WORDS:
Masculine Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive der/dieser Brger den/diesen Brger dem/diesem Brger des/dieses Brgers
ALL CASES Feminine
Neuter das/dieses Kind das/dieses Kind dem/diesem Kind des/dieses Kindes
Plural die/diese/alle Frauen die/diese/alle Frauen den/diesen/allen Frauen der/dieser/aller Frauen
die/diese Familie die/diese Familie der/dieser Familie der/dieser Familie
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EIN-WORDS:
Masculine Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive (k)ein Brger (k)einen Brger (k)einem Brger (k)eines Brgers
ALL CASES Feminine
Neuter (k)ein Kind (k)ein Kind (k)einem Kind (k)eines Kindes
Plural keine Frauen keine Frauen keinen Frauen keiner Frauen
(k)eine Familie (k)eine Familie (k)einer Familie (k)einer Familie
Examples
1. Die Ziele der Grnen (pl.) sind: 2. ... die Verbesserung der Ausbildung (f.), 3. ... der Schutz des Kindes (n.), 4. ... die Begrenzung des CO2-Ausstoes (m.), 5. ... der Schutz des Klimas (n.) und 6. die Reduzierung des Verkehrs (m.). 7. Joschka Fischers Hobbys sind Kochen und klassische Musik. 8. Werner Schulz Name ist relativ unbekannt (er ist Grnen-Abgeordneter im Bundestag). 9. Europas Zukunft ist grn! 10. Joschka Fischers Buch/Das Buch von Joschka Fischer heit Fit und schlank: Mein langer Lauf zu mir selbst.
The Green Partys goals are: . . . the improvement of education, . . . the protection of the child, . . . the limitation of carbon dioxide emissions, . . . the protection of the climate, and . . . the reduction of traffic. Joschka Fischers hobbies are cooking and classical music. Werner Schulzs name is relatively unknown (hes a Green Party member of the German Bundestag). Europes future is green! Joschka Fischers book is called Fit und schlank: Mein langer Lauf zu mir selbst.
Explanation
In English, the genitive case can be expressed either with an of-phrase or with the possessive -s. The following are the rules for German: 1 + 2. Feminine nouns and nouns in the plural do not add endings in the genitive. The articles are der and (k)einer. 3 6. Masculine and neuter nouns add either -s or -es in the genitive. The masculine and neuter articles are des and (k)eines. Monosyllabic nouns generally add -es (Example 3: des Kindes).
In spoken German, the e of the -es ending of monosyllabic nouns is often omitted. If a noun ends in a vowel or silent h, it takes the ending -s, even if the noun has only one syllable (der Stau, des Staus; das Stroh, des Strohs). Some other monosyllabic masculine and neuter nouns add only -s: der Film, des Films; der Chef, des Chefs.
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When a noun has more than one syllable, it takes the ending -s (Example 5: das Klima, des Klimas; Example 6: der Verkehr, des Verkehrs).
However, when a noun ends in -s, -sch, -, -x, or -z, it takes the ending -es, even if it is a multisyllabic word (Example 4: der Aussto, des Ausstoes). In written German, the -es ending can also be used with multisyllabic words that would otherwise take -s.
7. As in English, with proper names you add an -s to the name and place it before the noun. Note that in German, however, there is no apostrophe before the -s! 8. If the proper name ends in s, -, -x, or -z no -s is added, only an apostrophe. 9. The genitive case of geographical names is formed the same way as that of personal names. 10. Often, particularly in spoken German, the word von is used to substitute for the genitive case.
3.2 Two-Part Conjunctions sowohl als auch and

Meaning
sowohl ... als/wie auch weder ... noch both . . . and/as well as neither . . . nor
weder noch (Zweiteilige Konjunktionen sowohl als auch und weder noch)
Some conjunctions in German have two parts. They are used to join words or phrases in parallel structures.
Examples
1. Deutschland ist sowohl Mitglied der EU als/wie auch der UNO. Die Deutschen sind sowohl umweltfreundlich als/wie auch reiselustig. 2. Weder die Schweiz noch Norwegen sind Mitglieder der EU. Joschka Fischer ist zurzeit weder verheiratet noch verlobt. Germany is a member both of the EU and of the UN. German people are environmentally friendly as well as keen on travel. Neither Switzerland nor Norway is a member of the EU. Joschka Fischer is neither married nor engaged at this time.
Explanation
1. sowohl als/wie auch expresses a double assertion or affirmation. Both of two statements are applicable. 2. weder noch expresses a double negation. Neither of two statements is applicable.
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3.3 Present Perfect Tense (Perfekt)

The present perfect tense is used to describe events that took place in the past. It is used primarily in oral conversation and in conversational style writing such as emailing or writing postcards.
Forms
ich habe du hast er/sie/es/man hat wir haben ihr habt sie/Sie haben ich bin du bist er/sie/es/man ist wir sind ihr seid sie/Sie sind
gemacht
gegangen
1. regular verbs: machen 2. irregular verbs (without -te in the simple past): gehen 3. irregular verbs (with -te in the simple past): rennen 4. verbs ending in -ieren: fotografieren 5. verbs with inseparable prefixes: bekommen 6. verbs with separable prefixes: abnehmen
Er hat gemacht. Er ist gegangen. Er ist gerannt. Er hat fotografiert. Er hat bekommen. Er hat abgenommen.
Examples
1. Joschka Fischer hat kein Abitur gemacht. 2. Er ist nicht offiziell zur Uni gegangen. 3. Er ist schon immer gerne gerannt. 4. Er hat schon als Kind gerne fotografiert. 5. Er hat viele Auszeichnungen bekommen.
Joschka Fischer didnt complete high school. He didnt officially go to university. He always liked to run. Even as a child he loved to take pictures. He won a lot of awards. In very little time he lost 35 kilos. Its amazing that he lost 35 kilos in such a short time. Joschka Fischer was married four times, which means he had four wives.
6. a. Er hat in kurzer Zeit 35 Kilo abgenommen. b. Es ist erstaunlich, dass er in so kurzer Zeit 35 Kilo abgenommen hat. 7. Joschka Fischer war viermal verheiratet, das heit, er hatte vier Ehefrauen.
Explanation
The present perfect tense is formed with the conjugated auxiliary verb haben or sein and a past participle. Most verbs use the auxiliary haben. The auxiliary verb sein is used with intransitive verbs of the following categories:
verbs expressing motion from point A to point B (e.g., ist gegangen) verbs expressing a change of condition (e.g., ist gestorben) the verbs bleiben, sein, werden, passieren, begegnen, durchfallen (bei einer Prfung)
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1. The past participle of most regular verbs (without a prefix) starts with ge- and ends in -t. The stem vowel doesnt change.1 2. The past participle of irregular verbs (without a prefix) that add no -te in the simple past starts with ge- and ends in -(e)n. The stem vowel and sometimes the consonant changes. 3. The past participle of irregular verbs (without a prefix) that add -te in the simple past starts with ge- and ends in -t. The stem vowel and sometimes the consonant changes. 4. The past participle of regular verbs ending in -ieren has no ge- and ends with a -t. 5. The past participle of verbs with inseparable prefixes adds no ge-. 6. The past participle of verbs with separable prefixes insert -ge- between the prefix and the base verb. 1 6. a. In a main clause, the conjugated auxiliary verb haben or sein is in second position and the past participle is in final position. 6. b. In subordinate clauses, the conjugated auxiliary verb moves to final position. 7. The simple past forms of haben, sein, wissen, and the modal verbs are preferred over the present perfect tense, even in oral conversation.
3.4 Genitive Prepositions (Prpositionen mit Genitiv)

Some prepositions cause the articles, adjectives, and nouns that follow them to be in the genitive case. Here are the four most frequently used genitive prepositions.
Meaning
statt/anstatt trotz whrend wegen instead of in spite of during because of, on account of
Examples
Statt des Abiturs hat Joschka Fischer eine Lehre gemacht. Trotz seiner Vergangenheit als Demonstrant ist er Auenminister geworden. Whrend der Zeit als Politiker hat er 35 Kilo abgenommen. Wegen seiner groen Leistungen hat er viele Auszeichnungen bekommen. Instead of finishing high school Joschka Fischer learned a trade. In spite of his having been a demonstrator in the past, he became Foreign Secretary. During his stint as a politician he lost 35 kilos. Because of his great achievements, he received a lot of awards.
1If the stem of the verb ends in d or t, or if it ends in n/m preceded by a consonant other than l, r, m, n, or simple h, then insert an e before the t: geredet, geffnet, geatmet.
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Explanation
Note: In colloquial German the dative case is quite common after the genitive prepositions anstatt/statt, trotz, whrend, and wegen. But in formal written German the genitive is still required. Statt dem Abitur hat Joschka Fischer eine Lehre gemacht.
3.5 Future Tense (Futur)

The future tense is used to talk about events that will take place in the future.
Forms
ich du er/sie/es/man wir ihr sie/Sie werde wirst wird werden werdet werden
sparen
Examples
1. Joschka Fischer wird sicher bald zum fnften Mal heiraten. Die Schweiz und Norwegen werden mglicherweise in ein paar Jahren Mitglieder der EU werden. 2. Ich glaube, dass Joschka Fischer bald zum fnften Mal heiraten wird. 3. Joschka Fischer heiratet sicher bald zum fnften Mal. Joschka Fischer will most likely get married for the fifth time soon. Switzerland and Norway will probably become members of the EU in a couple of years. I think that Joschka Fischer will get married for the fifth time soon. Joschka Fischer will most likely get married for the fifth time soon.
Explanation
1. The future tense is formed by combining the conjugated present tense of the auxiliary werden with a main verb infinitive. The main verb infinitive is at the end of the main clause.1 2. In dependent clauses the conjugated auxiliary werden moves to final position. 3. When the context indicates the future (e.g., bald, morgen, nchste Woche, ), the future tense is often replaced by the present tense.
1The
verb werden can also be used as a main verb. For the use of werden as main verb see Einheit 4, Section 4.4.
Einheit 3
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E I N H E I T
Planet Germany

4.1 Infinitives with zu (Infinitive mit zu) 4.2 Present Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II, Prsens) 4.3 Present and Simple Past Tenses of Modal Verbs (Prsens und Prteritum von Modalverben) 4.4 Bekommen versus werden (Bekommen versus werden) 4.5 Infinitives without zu (Infinitive ohne zu)
4.1 Infinitives with zu (Infinitive mit zu)

The infinitive with zu is comparable to English to +
VERB
or
VERB
+ -ing.
Meaning
An infinitive with zu is commonly used after the following expressions and verbs: Expressions: Es ist richtig/falsch, Es ist leicht/einfach/schwierig/schwer, Es ist (nicht) notwendig/(un)ntig, Er ist erlaubt/verboten, Es ist gut/schlecht, Es ist zu spt/zu frh, Es ist wichtig/unwichtig, Es ist mglich/unmglich, Es macht mir (keinen) Spa, Es ist langweilig, Es ist gefhrlich, Es ist interessant/uninteressant, Es ist lustig/traurig, Es ist furchtbar/schrecklich, Es ist (nicht) schn, Es ist angenehm/unangenehm, Es ist verstndlich/unverstndlich, It is right/wrong . . . It is easy/simple/difficult/hard . . . It is (un)necessary . . . . . . -ing is allowed/prohibited It is good/bad . . . It is too late/too early . . . It is important/not important . . . It is possible/impossible . . . It is (no) fun for me . . . It is boring . . . It is dangerous . . . It is interesting/not interesting . . . It is funny/sad . . . It is terrible/horrible . . . It is (not) nice . . . It is pleasant/unpleasant . . . It is (in)comprehensible . . .
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Ich finde es (nicht) schn, Ich liebe/hasse es, Es freut mich, Ich Ich Ich Ich Ich Ich Ich Ich Ich Ich Ich habe die Absicht habe die Gelegenheit habe die Hoffnung habe Lust habe den Wunsch habe (keine) Zeit habe die Erlaubnis habe Probleme habe Angst freue mich darauf, bitte dich darum,
I (dont) think it is nice . . . I love/hate . . . I am happy . . . I I I I I I I I I I I have the intention . . . have the opportunity . . . have the hope . . . feel like . . . -ing . . . wish . . . (dont) have time . . . have permission . . . have problems . . . -ing am afraid . . . am looking forward to . . . -ing am asking you . . .
Verbs: anbieten anfangen aufhren beabsichtigen befehlen beginnen beschlieen bitten empfehlen entscheiden erlauben erwarten fortfahren hoffen raten scheinen berzeugen verbieten vergessen verlangen vermuten = annehmen versprechen versuchen vorhaben vorschlagen wnschen zwingen to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to offer begin, to start stop intend order begin, start decide request recommend decide allow, permit expect continue hope advise seem convince forbid, prohibit forget demand assume, suppose, suspect promise try intend suggest wish force
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Examples
1. 1947 schlug G.C. Marshall vor, Europa finanziell zu helfen, da es durch den Krieg stark zerstrt war. 2. 1949 begannen die USA[,] Deutschland im Rahmen des Marshallplans finanziell zu untersttzen. 3. Es war wichtig, eine starke Wirtschaft in Europa aufzubauen. 4. Sie hofften[,] die deutsche Wirtschaft stimulieren zu knnen. In 1947 G. C. Marshall suggested helping Europe financially, since it had suffered severe destruction in the war. In 1949 the U.S. began supporting Germany financially within the framework of the Marshall Plan. It was important to establish a strong economy in Europe. They hoped to be able to stimulate the German economy.
Explanation
The construction zu + INFINITIVE is used if a main clause includes two verbs. It is dependent upon the expressions using Es ist ... listed above, the other expressions listed above, the verbs listed above, and haben and verbs with prepositional complements. Infinitive constructions do not have their own subject; they refer to the person or object introduced in the main clause. Therefore the verb in the infinitive construction is not conjugated. Unlike English, zu + INFINITIVE is located at the end of the clause. 1. zu is located before the infinitive, which is in final position. 2. zu is placed before the infinitive if the infinitive is a verb with an inseparable prefix. 3. If the infinitive is a separable prefix verb, zu is positioned between the prefix and the base verb. 4. If the sentence includes a double infinitive, zu is placed between the two infinitives. Note: After expressions with anticipatory es and da-compounds, the infinitive clause must be set off from the main clause by a comma (Example 3). Otherwise the comma is optional, but it should be used if it makes the sentence more comprehensible (Example 1).
4.2 Present Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II, Prsens)

The subjunctive II is used primarily to talk about unreal situations.
Forms
Regular verbs: lachen ich lachte du lachtest er/sie/es/man lachte wir lachten ihr lachtet sie/Sie lachten
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Irregular verbs without -te in the simple past: kommen ich kme du km(e)st er/sie/es/man kme Irregular verbs with -te in the simple past: denken, bringen, mgen, wissen1 ich dchte du dchtest er/sie/es/man dchte wir dchten ihr dchtet sie/Sie dchten wir kmen ihr km(e)t sie/Sie kmen
4.
haben ich htte du httest er/sie/es/man htte wir htten ihr httet sie/Sie htten
5. ich wre
sein wir wren ihr wr(e)t sie/Sie wren
du wr(e)st er/sie/es/man wre
6.
werden ich wrde du wrdest er/sie/es/man wrde wir wrden ihr wrdet sie/Sie wrden
7.
knnen, mssen, drfen ich knnte du knntest er/sie/es/man knnte wir knnten ihr knntet sie/Sie knnten
1Note: The irregular verbs (with -te in the simple past) brennen, kennen, nennen, rennen, senden, and wenden form the subjunctive II like regular verbs: brennte, kennte, nennte, rennte, sendete, and wendete. These forms are, however, very rarely used.
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8.
wollen, sollen (no umlaut ) ich wollte du wolltest er/sie/es/man wollte wir wollten ihr wolltet sie/Sie wollten
Examples
1. Wenn ich in Deutschland lebte, wre mein Leben ganz anders. 2. Wenn ich in Deutschland leben wrde, wre mein Leben ganz anders. If I lived in Germany my life would be very different. If I lived in Germany my life would be very different.
Explanation
There are two ways of expressing the meaning of the subjunctive II:
the subjunctive II form of a verb the wrde + INFINITIVE construction
1. The subjunctive II form of a verb is formed by adding the following endings to the simple past stem, e.g., lacht-, kam-, or dacht-. Singular ich -e du -est er/sie/es/man -e Plural wir -en ihr -et sie/Sie -en
The subjunctive II forms of regular verbs are thus the same as their simple past forms. Note, however, that for certain irregular verbs, an umlaut is added in the subjunctive II if the simple past stem vowel is a, o, or u. This applies to:
verbs without -te in the simple past (e.g., kommen kam, fahren fuhr) the modal verbs knnen, mssen, drfen the verbs denken, bringen, mgen, wissen the verbs haben, sein, and werden
The subjunctive II forms of most verbs are used only in writing. Only the subjunctive II forms of haben, sein, werden, the modal verbs and the verbs bleiben, brauchen, geben, gehen, kommen, lassen, nehmen, and wissen are used in both writing and in oral conversation. The subjunctive II forms of the modal verbs and of haben, sein, and werden are preferred over the wrde + INFINITIVE forms even in oral German. 2. In oral conversation, the subjunctive II forms are replaced by the wrde + INFINITIVE construction. This construction is formed by placing the conjugated form of wrde in second position and the infinitive of the main verb in final position. In dependent clauses, the form of wrde is in final position after the infinitive.
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Subjunctive II is used in the following five situations:
hypothetical conditions Wenn ich in Deutschland leben wrde, wre mein Leben ganz anders. wishes Wrde ich (doch) in der Schweiz leben! advice Du solltest nach dem Essen nicht schwimmen gehen. polite requests Knnten Sie bitte die Musik etwas leiser drehen? after als (ob) or als (wenn) Er tut (so), als ob/wenn er allein im Haus wre. Er tut (so), als wre er allein im Haus.
If I lived in Germany, my life would be very different. If only I lived in Switzerland! You shouldnt go swimming after a meal.
Could you please turn down the music a bit?
He acts as if he were all by himself in the house. He acts as if he were all by himself in the house.
4.3 Present and Simple Past Tenses of Modal Verbs

(Prsens und Prteritum von Modalverben)
to be allowed to to be able to would like to mssen sollen wollen
Meaning
drfen knnen mchten to have to to be supposed to to want to
Forms
drfen ich du er/sie/es/man wir ihr sie/Sie darf darfst darf drfen drft drfen
PRESENT TENSE knnen mchten1 kann kannst kann knnen knnt knnen mchte mchtest mchte mchten mchtet mchten
mssen muss musst muss mssen msst mssen
sollen soll sollst soll sollen sollt sollen
wollen will willst will wollen wollt wollen
verb form mchten is historically derived from the subjunctive II form of the verb mgen; however, in modern German mchten is used as a present tense modal verb unto itself.
1The
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drfen ich du er/sie/es/man wir ihr sie/Sie durfte durftest durfte durften durftet durften
SIMPLE PAST TENSE knnen mchten1 konnte konntest konnte konnten konntet konnten wollte wolltest wollte wollten wolltet wollten
mssen musste musstest musste mussten musstet mussten
sollen sollte solltest sollte sollten solltet sollten
wollen wollte wolltest wollte wollten wolltet wollten
Examples
1. Aziza-A will mit ihrem Lied kritisieren. 2. Was drfen islamische Frauen nicht (machen)? 3. Aziza-A erzhlt, dass ihr Vater sie nicht verstehen kann. Aziza-A wants to criticize with her song. What are Islamic women not allowed (to do)? Aziza-A says that her father cannot understand her.
Explanation
1. A modal verb (which is in second position) almost always has a corresponding infinitive in final position. 2. If the meaning of a sentence is comprehensible from the context, the infinitive can be left out. 3. In dependent clauses, the conjugated modal verb moves to final position.
4.4 Bekommen versus werden (Bekommen versus werden)

Meaning
bekommen werden to receive, get, obtain to become, get, turn, turn into
Examples
1. Ich habe zum Geburtstag schne Geschenke bekommen. In Deutsch bekomme ich sicher in diesem Semester ein A! For my birthday I got nice presents. I am sure Ill get an A in German this semester.
1The
modal verb mchten dos not have its own simple past form. The simple past form of wollen is used instead.
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Es ist nicht leicht, die deutsche Staatsangehrigkeit zu bekommen. 2. Meine kleine Schwester mchte rztin werden. Mchten Sie deutscher Staatsbrger werden? Aua, mein Hals tut weh, ich glaube, ich werde krank.
Its not easy to obtain German citizenship. My little sister would like to become a doctor. Would you like to become a German citizen? Ouch, my throat is hurting, I think Im getting sick.
Explanation
1. The verb bekommen is used to express the notion of receiving physical or abstract things (e.g., gifts, grades, punishment, citizenship, answers). It is also used to express physical or mental change in combination with nouns, e.g., fear, sunburn, or a headache. 2. The verb werden is used to express what someone wants to do for a living, to express change of state (e.g., cold, hot, rainy) or status (e.g., citizenship or membership), or to express physical or mental change in combination with adjectives (e.g., old, sick, fat).
4.5 Infinitives without zu (Infinitive ohne zu)

Meaning
Infinitives used with the modal verbs drfen, knnen, mchten, mssen, sollen, and wollen are used without zu. (For the meaning of modal verbs, see Section 4.3.) Infinitives used with the following verbs are also used without zu: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. bleiben fahren fhlen gehen hren kommen lassen legen schicken sehen spren to to to to to to to to to to to stay drive feel go hear come have / let someone do something lay down send see, watch feel, sense
Infinitives that are used with the following verbs can be used with or without zu: l. m. n. o. brauchen helfen lehren lernen to to to to need (to) help teach learn
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Examples
1. Kaminer geht seinen Freund Helmut besuchen. 2. Kaminers Vater mchte den Sprachtest bestehen. 3. Helmut hilft ihm lernen. 4. Helmut hilft ihm fr den Test (zu) lernen. Kaminer goes to visit his friend Helmut. Kaminers father would like to pass the language exam. Helmut is helping him study. Helmut is helping him study for the exam.
Explanation
1. The verbs a. k. use the infinitive without zu. 2. Modal verbs never use an infinitive with zu. 3. The verbs l. o. use the infinitive with or without zu.
When followed by a simple infinitive, the verbs helfen, lehren, and lernen do not use zu. In colloquial speech, brauchen is often used without zu.
4. Usage varies for helfen, lehren, and lernen when a verbal complement is added. In this case, it is acceptable to use zu or to omit it. In written German, brauchen is usually used with zu.
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E I N H E I T
Die Comedian Harmonists

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Reflexive Pronouns (Reflexivpronomen) Transitive Verbs Used Reflexively (Reflexiv gebrauchte transitive Verben) Accusative Reflexive Verbs (Reflexive Verben mit Akkusativ) Dative Reflexive Verbs (Reflexive Verben mit Dativ) Reflexive Verbs with Prepositional Complements (Reflexive Verben mit Prpositionalobjekt) 5.6 Relative Clauses (Relativstze)
5.1 Reflexive Pronouns (Reflexivpronomen)

Forms
Accusative ich du
Dative mich dich sich uns euch sich ich du er/sie/es/man wir ihr sie/Sie wnsche wnschst wnscht wnschen wnscht wnschen mir dir sich uns euch sich
entschuldige entschuldigst entschuldigt entschuldigen entschuldigt entschuldigen
er/sie/es/man wir ihr sie/Sie
Examples
1. Ich amsiere mich ber die Mode der 20er Jahre. 2. a. Heute sieht meine Freundin sich einen Film von Fritz Lang an. b. Heute sieht sich meine Freundin einen Film von Fritz Lang an. I am amused by the fashion of the 20s. Today my friend is seeing a movie by Fritz Lang. Today my friend is seeing a movie by Fritz Lang.
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3. Morgen sehe ich mir einen Film von Fritz Lang an. 4. a. Wenn meine Freundin sich einen Film ansieht, gehe ich meistens mit ihr. b. Wenn sich meine Freundin einen Film ansieht, gehe ich meistens mit ihr. c. Wenn sie sich einen Film ansieht, gehe ich meistens mit ihr.
Tomorrow Im seeing a movie by Fritz Lang. When my friend watches a movie, I usually go with her. When my friend watches a movie, I usually go with her. When she watches a movie, I usually go with her.
Explanation
Position of the reflexive pronoun: 1. The reflexive pronoun is placed immediately after the conjugated verb and before all remaining elements of the sentence. 2. When the subject follows the verb, the reflexive pronoun can either (a) follow or (b) precede the subject noun. 3. If the subject is a pronoun and it follows the verb, then the reflexive pronoun must follow the subject. 4. The same rules apply for the position of the reflexive pronoun when a reflexive verb is used in a dependent clause. The verb itself moves to final position.
5.2 Transitive Verbs Used Reflexively

Meaning
(sich) (sich) (sich) (sich) (sich) (sich) (sich) (sich) (sich) (sich) (sich) (sich) (sich) (sich) abtrocknen ansehen anziehen entschuldigen festhalten kmmen rasieren schminken schneiden schtzen treffen verletzen vorstellen waschen to to to to to to to to to to to to to to dry (oneself) watch (oneself) dress (oneself) excuse (oneself) hold (on) comb (ones) hair shave (oneself ) put on make-up cut (oneself) protect (oneself) meet (each other) injure (oneself) introduce (oneself) wash (oneself)
(Reflexiv gebrauchte transitive Verben)
One type of reflexive verb is the transitive verb. Transitive verbs can be used with or without reflexive pronouns, depending on the meaning to be expressed.
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Examples
1. Ich ziehe einen schwarzen Anzug an. 2. Ich ziehe mich an. 3. Ich ziehe mir einen schwarzen Anzug an. 4. Harry und Erna treffen sich im Musikgeschft. 5. Ich habe mich angezogen. Im putting on a black suit. Im getting dressed. Im putting on a black suit. Harry and Erna meet (each other) in the music store I got dressed.
Explanation
13. An accusative reflexive pronoun can be used with transitive verbs. In other words, a verb that is normally followed by an accusative object (Example 1) can have an accusative reflexiv pronoun, if the subject directs an activity at itself (Example 2). The accusative object is replaced by the accusative reflexive pronoun in this case. If, apart from the reflexive pronoun, another object occurs in the sentence, the formerly accusative reflexive pronoun becomes a dative reflexive pronoun and the other object takes the accusative case (Example 3). 4. For some verbs, the reflexive pronoun indicates reciprocity (each other) when the subject is plural. 5. In general, reflexive verbs take the auxiliary haben in the perfect tenses.
5.3 Accusative Reflexive Verbs (Reflexive Verben

mit Akkusativ)
A second type of reflexive verb is known as the accusative reflexive.
Meaning
sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich amsieren ausruhen beeilen benehmen einigen entscheiden entschlieen entschuldigen entspannen ereignen erholen erklten fragen to to to to to to to to to to to to to enjoy oneself take a rest hurry behave agree on decide decide apologize relax occur, take place recover catch a cold wonder sich (wohl) fhlen sich irren sich langweilen sich legen/hinlegen sich setzen/hinsetzen sich streiten sich trauen sich trennen sich verfahren/ verirren/verlaufen sich verhalten sich verspten to feel (well) to be wrong to be bored to lie down to sit down to fight (each other) to dare to break up, separate to get lost to act, behave to be late, be delayed
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Examples
1. Die Wirtschaftskrise ereignete sich in den 20er Jahren. 2. Die Gruppe hat sich schlielich getrennt. The economic crisis occured in the twenties. In the end, the group broke up.
Explanation
1. Some German verbs always take an accusative reflexive pronoun. 2. Accusative reflexive verbs take the auxiliary haben in the perfect tenses.
5.4 Dative Reflexive Verbs (Reflexive Verben mit Dativ)

A third type of reflexive verb is known as the dative reflexive.
Meaning
sich sich sich sich sich etwas etwas etwas etwas etwas ausdenken einbilden leihen leisten merken to invent something, come up with something to imagine/fantasize something to borrow something to afford something to remember something, memorize something, take note of something to harm oneself to think about something, think something over to imagine something, conceive of something
sich schaden sich etwas berlegen sich etwas vorstellen
Examples
1. Ich stelle mir oft vor, ich wre Veronika. 2. Ich habe mir gestern eingebildet, die Comedian Harmonists wrden nur fr mich singen. I often imagine myself as Veronika. I imagined yesterday that the Comedian Harmonists were singing just for me.
Explanation
1. Some verbs always take a dative reflexive pronoun to express a particular meaning. 2. Dative reflexive verbs generally take the auxiliary haben in the perfect tenses.
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5.5 Reflexive Verbs with Prepositional Complements

(Reflexive Verben mit Prpositionalobjekt)
A fourth type of reflexive verb includes those with accusative reflexive pronouns that complete their meaning with a prepositional complement.
Meaning
sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich sich rgern ber (+ acc.) aufregen ber (+ acc.) bedanken fr beschftigen mit beschweren ber (+ acc.) erinnern an (+ acc.) erkundigen nach freuen auf (+ acc.) freuen ber (+ acc.) frchten vor (+ dat.) gewhnen an (+ acc.) interessieren fr konzentrieren auf (+ acc.) kmmern um streiten mit treffen mit unterhalten ber (+ acc.) verabreden mit verabschieden von verlieben in (+ acc.) verloben mit vorbereiten auf (+ acc.) wundern ber (+ acc.) to be annoyed at, be upset about to be agitated/upset about to express ones thanks for to occupy oneself with to complain about to remember to inquire about to look forward to to be happy about to be afraid of to get used to to be interested in to concentrate, focus on to attend to, concern oneself with, look after [somebody/something] to fight with to meet with to talk/converse about to set a date with to say good-bye to, take leave of to fall in love with to get engaged to to prepare for to be surprised at
Examples
1. Ich freue mich auf den Film Comedian Harmonists. 2. Im Unterricht haben wir uns mit der Weimarer Republik beschftigt. I am looking forward to the film Comedian Harmonists. In class we were occupied with the Weimar Republic.
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Explanation
1. Some reflexive verbs need a prepositional complement to complete their meaning. 2. Reflexive verbs that complete their meaning with a prepositional complement generally take the auxiliary haben in the perfect tenses.
5.6 Relative Clauses (Relativstze)

Relative clauses combine two or more pieces of information.
Forms
Masculine Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive der den dem dessen RELATIVE PRONOUNS Feminine die die der deren das das dem dessen Neuter die die denen deren Plural
Examples
1. a. Harry ist der Musiker, der die Gruppe gegrndet hat. b. Harry hat das Ensemble, das Comedian Harmonists heit, 1927 gegrndet. 2. Harry hat das Ensemble gegrndet, das Comedian Harmonists heit. 3. Deutschland ist das Land, wo/in dem die Comedian Harmonists zuerst bekannt wurden. 4. a. Die Comedian Harmonists waren das, was Harry sich immer gewnscht hatte. b. Die Comedian Harmonists waren das Beste, was Harry je passiert ist. c. Der Erfolg der Gruppe war enorm, was Harry sehr glcklich machte. Harry is the musician who founded the band. Harry founded the band, which is called Comedian Harmonists, in 1927.
Harry founded the band, which is called Comedian Harmonists. Germany is the country where/in which the Comedian Harmonists first became popular. The Comedian Harmonists were what Harry had always dreamt of. The Comedian Harmonists were the best thing that ever happened to Harry. The bands success was enormous, which made Harry very happy.
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Explanation
1. Relative clauses are dependent clauses that are introduced by a relative pronoun and are separated from the main clause by a comma (Example a) or commas (Example b). The relative pronoun refers back to the noun that is positioned directly before the comma. The relative pronoun has to show the gender and number of the noun to which it refers back, known as the antecedent. The case of the relative pronoun, however, depends on its grammatical function within the relative clause, not on the case of the antecedent. If the relative clause occurs in the middle of a main clause (Example b), then it is set off by two commas: one before the relative clause and one after it. The rest of the main clause follows after the relative clause. 2. A single word does not have to follow after the relative clause. It can stand in front of it. 3. wo as a relative pronoun is used when the relative clause refers to a place. It is, however, less formal than the wording with PREPOSITION + RELATIVE PRONOUN. 4. was is used as a relative pronoun when the relative clause refers to one of the following pronouns: das, etwas, nichts, alles, viel(es), wenig(es) (Example a). was is also used to refer to many neuter nouns derived from superlative adjectives and ordinal numbers (Example b). Also, was is used to refer back to an entire clause (Example c).
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E I N H E I T
Stationen der Geschichte

6.1 Passive Voice (Passiv) Refer to the following sections for review if necessary: 1.1 2.4 3.1 3.3 4.3 Present Tense Conjugations (Konjugationen im Prsens) Simple Past Tense (Prteritum) The Function of Case, Part 2: Genitive (Kasusfunktion Teil 2: Genitiv) Present Perfect Tense (Perfekt) Present and Simple Past Tenses of Modal Verbs (Prsens und Prteritum von Modalverben)
6.1 Passive Voice (Passiv)

The passive voice is used by combining the speaker does not want to mention the agent or when the agent is unknown or irrelevant.
Forms
The passive voice is formed by combining a conjugated form of werden with the past participle of the main verb. There are five commonly used passive voice tenses. a. Present ich werde du wirst er/sie/es/man wird wir werden ihr werdet sie/Sie werden c. Present Perfect ich bin du bist er/sie/es/man ist wir sind ihr seid sie/Sie sind b. Simple Past
informiert
ich wurde du wurdest er/sie/es/man wurde wir wurden ihr wurdet sie/Sie wurden d. Past Perfect ich war du warst er/sie/es/man war wir waren ihr wart sie/Sie waren
informiert
informiert worden
informiert worden
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e. Future ich werde du wirst er/sie/es/man wird wir werden ihr werdet sie/Sie werden
informiert werden
Examples
1. Der Reichstag wurde verhllt. 2. Der Reichstag ist verhllt worden. 3. Der Reichstag wurde von Christo verhllt. 4. Der Reichstag wurde durch viel Stoff verhllt. 5. 23 Jahre lang durfte der Reichstag nicht verhllt werden. 6. a. Christo verhllt den Reichstag. b. Der Reichstag wird verhllt. 7. a. Sie half ihm nicht. b. Es wurde ihm nicht geholfen. c. Ihm wurde nicht geholfen. 8. a. Man recycelte das Material anschlieend. b. Das Material wurde anschlieend recycelt.
The Reichstag was wrapped. The Reichstag has been wrapped. The Reichstag was wrapped by Christo. The Reichstag was wrapped with a lot of cloth. For 23 years the Reichstag was not allowed to be wrapped. Christo wraps/is wrapping the Reichstag. The Reichstag is being wrapped. She didnt help him. He wasnt helped. He wasnt helped. The material was recycled afterwards. The material was recycled afterwards. It was 23 years before the Reichstag was wrapped. Did you know that the Reichstag has been wrapped? What will be wrapped in the future?
9. a. Es hat 23 Jahre gedauert, bis der Reichstag verhllt wurde. b. Wussten Sie, dass der Reichstag verhllt worden ist? 10. Was wird in der Zukunft verhllt werden?
Explanation
1. In the present tense and in the simple past tenses, the passive voice has two parts: a conjugated form of werden and the past participle of the main verb. The form of werden is in second position. The past participle is in last position. 2. In the present perfect and past perfect tenses, the passive voice consists of three parts. The form of werden in these tenses is always worden. The auxiliary in the present and past perfect tenses in the passive voice is always a conjugated form of sein.
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3. The doer of the activity expressed by the verb is known as the agent. A sentence written in the passive voice does not need an agent. The agent can, however, be mentioned and is then introduced with von, if it is a person or animal. 4. If the agent is a thing or concept, it is introduced with durch. 5. If the passive voice sentence includes a modal verb, the conjugated modal verb is in second position, the past participle is in second-to-last position, and the infinitive of werden is in final position. 6. The accusative object of the active voice sentence (Example a) becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence (Example b). 7. A dative object in an active voice sentence (Example a) stays the dative object in the passive voice sentence (Examples b and c). If the active voice sentence does not have an accusative object, the subject of the passive voice sentence can be either es (Example b) or nothing (Example c). A passive voice sentence does not require a grammatical subject. Es can only be in first position. If there is another element in first position, es is eliminated. 8. If the agent is unknown there are two possibilities: You can construct an active voice sentence with man (Example a) or a passive voice sentence without man (Example b). 9. In a dependent clause the form of werden is in last position, the participle in second to last position (Example a). If the passive form consists of three parts, the order is (1) participle, (2) worden, (3) a conjugated form of sein (Example b). 10. The passive voice consists of three parts in the future tense. The auxiliary werden appears in a conjugated form, followed by the past participle and the infinitive werden at the end of the main clause. Note that the future passive has two forms of werden: one expresses future tense and the other expresses passive voice.
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E I N H E I T
Umgang mit der Vergangenheit

7.1 Adverbial Phrases with um zu, ohne zu, and (an)statt zu (Infinitivkonstruktionen mit um zu, ohne zu und (an)statt zu) 7.2 Past Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II der Vergangenheit) 7.3 Double Infinitive (Doppelter Infinitiv) 7.4 Past Perfect Tense (Plusquamperfekt) 7.5 Temporal Conjunctions vs. Temporal Prepositions (Temporale Konjunktionen vs. temporale Prpositionen) 7.6 Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions (Neben- und unterordnende Konjunktionen)
7.1 Adverbial Phrases with um zu, ohne zu, and

Meaning
(an)statt zu (Infinitivkonstruktionen mit um zu, ohne zu und (an)statt zu)

in order to . . . without . . . -ing instead of . . . -ing
um zu ... ohne zu ... (an)statt zu ...
Examples
Um nicht beschuldigt zu werden, verharmlosen viele Leute ihre NaziVergangenheit. Einige Leute akzeptieren das Nazi-Regime als einen Teil der Geschichte, ohne kritisch darber zu reflektieren. Anstatt/Statt sich die eigenen Fehler einzugestehen, rechtfertigen sich die Leute. In order not to be incriminated, a lot of people play down their own Nazi past. Some people accept the Nazi regime as a part of history without pondering critically on it. Instead of admitting their mistakes, people justify themselves.
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Explanation
Adverbial phrases with um zu, ohne zu, and (an)statt zu are dependent clauses. The dependent clause begins with either um, ohne, or (an)statt followed by a middle field and ends with zu + INFINITIVE.
7.2 Past Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II der Vergangenheit)

The past subjunctive II is used to express unreal past conditions and wishes.
Forms
The past subjunctive II consists of two parts: It is formed with the present subjunctive II auxiliary form htt- or wr- and the past participle of the main verb.
ich htte
riskiert
wir htten riskiert ihr httet riskiert sie/Sie htten riskiert
du httest riskiert er/sie/es/man htte riskiert
ich wre du wrst er/sie/es/man wre
gekommen gekommen gekommen
wir wren gekommen ihr wrt gekommen
sie/Sie wren gekommen
Example
Wenn man nicht mitgemacht htte, wre man in Teufels Kche gekommen.
If one had not participated, one would have risked too much.
Explanation
There is only one past tense form of the subjunctive II. The rules for determining the use of htt- or wr- are the same as for choosing sein or haben in the present perfect tense (see Einheit 3, Section 3.3). The past subjunctive II is used to express the same situations as the present tense subjunctive, with the exception of polite requests (see Einheit 4, Section 4.2).
7.3 Double Infinitive (Doppelter Infinitiv)

The modal verbs and the verbs fhlen, hren, lassen, sehen, and spren often form the perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect, past subjunctive) with a double infinitive instead of a past participle.
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Forms
1. Present Perfect Tense ich habe tun knnen du hast tun knnen er/sie/es/man hat tun knnen wir haben tun knnen ihr habt tun knnen
sie/Sie haben tun knnen
2. ich hatte
Past Perfect Tense tun knnen wir hatten tun knnen ihr hattet tun knnen sie/Sie hatten tun knnen
du hattest tun knnen er/sie/es/man hatte tun knnen
3. ich htte
Past Subjunctive II tun knnen wir htten tun knnen ihr httet tun knnen sie/Sie htten tun knnen
du httest tun knnen er/sie/es/man htte tun knnen
Examples
1. Man htte nicht zusehen drfen! Warum hat man die anderen machen lassen? 2. Wenn man etwas dagegen htte tun wollen, htte man etwas tun knnen.
People should not have just watched! Why did people let the others do things? If one had wanted to do something about it, one could have done something. Is it true that peple did not see it coming?
Stimmt es, dass man es nicht hat kommen sehen?
Explanation
1. The present perfect, past perfect, and past subjunctive II tenses are formed with a conjugated form of haben + DOUBLE INFINITIVE if they include two main verbs. A double infinitive can occur with modal verbs or with fhlen, hren, lassen, sehen or spren. 2. If the double infinitive is located in a dependent clause, all three verbs are at the end of the dependent clause; the order in all three tenses is: 1. conjugated form of haben, 2. infinitive of the first main verb, 3. infinitive of the modal verb or of fhlen, hren, lassen, sehen or spren.
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7.4 Past Perfect Tense (Plusquamperfekt)

Forms
ich war du warst er/sie/es/man war gekommen gekommen gekommen wir waren gekommen ihr wart gekommen
sie/Sie waren ... gekommen
ich hatte
verloren
wir hatten verloren ihr hattet verloren sie/Sie hatten verloren
du hattest verloren er/sie/es/man hatte verloren
Examples
Hans ging in den Krieg, nachdem er Lene geheiratet hatte. Nachdem Anna zur Welt gekommen war, verlie Lene die Stadt. Als Lene schwanger geworden ist, hatte sie Hans schon geheiratet. Nach Annas Geburt war Lene allein, weil Hans schon in den Krieg gezogen war. Hans went to war, after he had married Lene. After Anna had been born, Lene left town. When Lene got pregnant, she had already married Hans. After Annas birth Lene was by herself, because Hans had already gone to war.
Explanation
The past perfect tense is used to express actions and conditions that took place prior to another past-time event, that is, an event that is referred to in the simple past or perfect tense. The past perfect tense never occurs by itself. The past perfect tense is very common in dependent clauses introduced by nachdem (see above), whereas it is rarely used with bevor.
7.5 Temporal Conjunctions vs. Temporal Prepositions

Meaning
bevor; vor (+ dat.) nachdem; nach (+ dat.) before after seit(dem); seit (+ dat.) whrend; whrend (+ gen.) since
(Temporale Konjunktionen vs. temporale Prpositionen)
while; during
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Examples
Conjunction Bevor Hans in den Krieg musste, heiratete er Lene. Before Hans had to go to war, he married Lene. Nachdem Hans Lene geheiratet hatte, ging er in den Krieg. After Hans had married Lene, he went to war. Hans und Lene sehen sich nur selten, seit/ seitdem sie geheiratet haben. Hans and Lene rarely see each other since they got married. Whrend Hans im Krieg ist, zieht Lene das Kind gro. While Hans is at war, Lene raises the child. Nach der Hochzeit mit Lene ging Hans in den Krieg. After the wedding with Lene, Hans went to war. Hans und Lene sehen sich seit der Hochzeit selten. Hans and Lene rarely see each other since the wedding. Whrend des Krieges zieht Lene alleine das Kind gro. During the war Lene raises the child all by herself. Preposition Vor dem Krieg heiratete Hans Lene. Before the war Hans married Lene.
Explanation
There are two different ways of expressing the same condition, one with a subordinating conjunction and one with a preposition. Remember to place the verb at the end of the dependent clause when using a subordinating conjunction. When using nachdem make sure you are using the correct tenses in both main clause and dependent clause: nachdem-Clause (Dependent Clause) past perfect tense
Main Clause simple past tense present perfect tense present tense future tense
present perfect tense
Examples
Past: Nachdem Hans Lene geheiratet hatte, ... ging er in den Krieg. ist er in den Krieg gegangen. Present: Nachdem Hans Lene geheiratet hat, ... geht er in den Krieg. wird er in den Krieg gehen.
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7.6 Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions

(Neben- und unterordnende Konjunktionen)
Meaning
Subordinating Conjunctions: conjunction + dependent clause als when, as als ob as if bevor/ehe before bis until, by da since, because damit so that dass that falls in case, if indem by (doing) nachdem after ob whether, if obwohl although, even though seit(dem) since sobald as soon as solange as long as sooft as often as whrend while weil because wenn when, if, whenever CCoordinating Conjunctions: conjunction (position 0) + main clause aber but, however denn for, because oder or sondern but rather und and
Adverbial Conjunctions: conjunction (position 1) + main clause auerdem moreover, furthermore therefore, thus, for this reason
aus diesem Grund; daher/darum/deshalb/deswegen dennoch nevertheless, yet instead in spite of
stattdessen trotzdem
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Examples
1. Als seine Tochter erwachsen war, wollte der Mller sie verheiraten. 2. Das Mdchen hatte ihren Brutigam nicht so recht lieb und es hatte auch kein Vertrauen zu ihm. 3. Das Mdchen hatte Angst, deshalb streute es Erbsen auf den Weg. 4 a. Als ein Freier kam, gab ihm der Mller seine Tochter zur Frau. b. Als das Mdchen noch klein war, starb seine Mutter. c. Immer wenn sie sich trafen, hatte die Tochter Angst. d. Wenn die alte Frau dem Mdchen nicht geholfen htte, wre das Mdchen gestorben. e. Wenn ein neuer Freier kommt, wird das Mdchen ihn heiraten. When his daughter had grown up, the miller wanted to give her in marriage. The girl did not really like her fianc and she did not trust him either. The girl was afraid, therefore she spread peas on the path. When a suitor came, the miller gave him his daughter as his wife. When the girl was still little, her mother died. Every time they met, the daughter was afraid. If the old woman hadnt helped the girl, the girl would have died. If another suitor comes, the girl will marry him.
Explanation
There are three different kinds of conjunctions. 1. Subordinating conjunctions are followed by a dependent clause. 2. Coordinating conjunctions are followed by a main clause. The coordinating conjunction is in position 0. 3. Adverbial conjunctions are also followed by a main clause, but the adverbial conjunction is in position 1. 4. The conjunction als is used for
actions in the past that occurred only once (Example a) actions in the present that have occurred only once time periods in the past (Example b).
The conjunction wenn is used for repeated actions in the past (Example c) repeated actions in the present conditional phrases (Example d) actions that will happen in the future (Example e).
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E I N H E I T
Kunst und Knstler
8.1 Adjectives (Adjektive)
8.1 Adjectives (Adjektive)

Forms
a. Adjectives preceded by ein-words take the following endings: Masculine Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive -er -en -en -en -e -e -en -en Feminine -es -es -en -en Neuter -en -en -en -en
Plural
b. Adjectives preceded by der-words take the following endings: Masculine Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive -e -en -en -en -e -e -en -en Feminine -e -e -en -en Neuter -en -en -en -en Plural
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c. Adjectives not preceded by ein-words or der-words take the following endings: Masculine Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive -er -en -em -en -e -e -er -er Feminine -es -es -em -en Neuter -e -e -en -er Plural
Examples
1. Der Baum in diesem Bild ist tot. 2. Auf diesem Bild sieht man einen toten Baum. 3. Der tote Baum hat keine Bltter. 4. Tote Bume sind eine Metapher. 5. a. Darber sieht man einen dunklen Himmel. b. Kiefer war fasziniert von den hohen Bergen in Norwegen. 6. a. Links steht eine Frau mit einem rosa Hut. b. Daneben steht ein Mann in einem beigefarbenen Mantel. 7. Die liegende Frau hat die Augen geschlossen. 8. Die fotografierte Frau ist Catherine Deneuve.
The tree in this image is dead. In this image we see a dead tree. The dead tree has no leaves. Dead trees are a metaphor. Above that we can see a dark sky. Kiefer was fascinated by the high mountains in Norway. To the left a woman with a pink hat is standing. Next to that a man in a beige coat is standing. The reclining woman has her eyes closed. The woman photographed is Catherine Deneuve. The image shows the typical Norwegian landscape. Since 1992 Georg Baselitz has been a professor at the Berlin School of the Arts.
9. Das Bild zeigt die typische norwegische Landschaft. 10. Seit 1992 ist Georg Baselitz Professor an der Berliner Hochschule der Knste.
Explanation
1. If the adjective is placed after the noun, the adjective needs no ending. 2. Adjective endings following ein-words: If the adjective is placed before a noun, it needs an ending. If it is positioned after an ein-word the possible endings are -e, -en, -er, and -es (see Chart a). Ein-words are the indefinite articles (ein-), the negative articles (kein-), and the possessive articles (mein-, dein-, sein-, ihr-, unser-, euer (eur-), and Ihr-). 3. Adjective endings following der-words: If an adjective is positioned after a der-word the possible endings are -e and -en (see Chart b). Der-words are the definite articles (der, die, das, den, dem, and des), the words dies-, jed-, jen-, manch-, solch-, and welch-, and the plural der-words alle and beide.
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4. Adjectives that are preceded neither by an ein-word nor by a der-word add the usual case endings, except for the genitive case masculine and neuter adjectives, which take -en (see Chart c). 5. Exceptions: Some adjectives add their endings a bit differently than shown in the charts: a. Most adjectives composed of more than one syllable and ending in -er and -el (e.g., dunkel, teuer) drop the e when they add endings. b. The adjective hoch drops the c when adding an ending. 6. The adjectives denoting the colors rosa, lila, orange, trkis, and beige cannot take endings. When placed before a noun, rosa and lila are used without an adjective ending (Example a); orange, trkis, and beige are changed to orangefarben-/orangefarbig-, trkisfarben-/trkisfarbig-, and beigefarben-/beigefarbig- and add endings to these forms (Example b). 7. The present participles of verbs can be used as adjectives. They are formed by adding d to the infinitive: INFINITIVE + d = PRESENT PARTICIPLE, e.g., malend. They are treated like any other adjective, that is, they add the usual adjective endings. Their meaning is active and simultaneous: laufend (running). 8. The past participles of verbs can be used as adjectives. They are treated like any other adjective, that is, they add the usual adjective endings. Their meaning is passive and past if they are transitive verbs, that is, if they can take an accusative object: die fotografierte Frau = the woman who was photographed. The meaning is active and past with intransitive verbs and if their past perfect tense is formed with sein: der angekommene Zug = the train that has arrived. The past participles of intransitive verbs that form the present perfect tense with haben cannot be used as adjectives. 9. Adjectives in a series have the same endings. 10. Adjectives derived from geographic place names are formed by adding -er to the name. Those adjectives take no endings and are always capitalized.
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E I N H E I T
Vereinigtes Deutschland

9.1 Indirect Speech, Subjunctive I (Indirekte Rede, Konjunktiv I) 9.2 Alternatives to Subjunctive I (Alternativen zum Konjunktiv I) Refer to the following sections for revew if necessary: 5.6 Relative Clauses (Relativstze) 6.1 Passive Voice (Passiv)
9.1 Indirect Speech, Subjunctive I

(Indirekte Rede, Konjunktiv I)
The subjunctive I is used for indirect speech, that is, to quote what someone has said. It is used mostly in writing.
Forms
All verbs except sein form the subjunctive I the same way: Subjunctive I Example: trink| en
ich du er/sie/es/man
trinke trinkest trinke
wir ihr sie/Sie
trinken trinket trinken
When expressing indirect speech, subjunctive I is the preferred form of the verb. Notice above that the shaded forms are the same as the present tense indicative forms. To avoid confusion, in indirect speech they are replaced with the subjunctive II forms: Indirect Speech Example: trink| en ich du er/sie/es/man trnke trinkest trinke
(SUBJ II) (SUBJ I)
wir ihr sie/Sie
trnken trinket
(SUBJ II)
(SUBJ I) (SUBJ II)
(SUBJ I)
trnken
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However, for many verbs regular verbs in particular the subjunctive II looks the same as the simple past indicative: Subjunctive I or II Example: mach | en ich du er/sie/es/man machte machest mache
(SUBJ II) (SUBJ I)
wir machten ihr machet
(SUBJ II)
(SUBJ I) (SUBJ II)
(SUBJ I)
sie/Sie machten
To avoid confusion, for those forms the wrde + speech:
INFINITIVE
construction is used in indirect
Indirect Speech Example: mach | en ich du er/sie/es/man wrde machen machest mache
(SUBJ I)
wir wrden machen ihr machet

(SUBJ I)
(SUBJ I)
sie/Sie wrden machen
The verb sein has the following subjunctive I forms: sein ich sei du sei(e)st er/sie/es/man sei wir seien ihr sei(e)t sie/Sie seien
Examples
1. Sie sagten, sie wrden aus Rotkppchen in der Zukunft wieder eine gesamtdeutsche Marke machen. 2. Er sagte, er mache aus Rotkppchen in der Zukunft wieder eine gesamtdeutsche Marke. 3. Fr zwei gute Leute sei auf dem Posten kein Platz. 4. Er sagte, er werde aus Rotkppchen wieder eine gesamtdeutsche Marke machen. They said they would make Rotkppchen into a pan-German brand again in the future. He said he would make Rotkppchen into a pan-German brand again in the future. There is not room for two good people in one position. He said he would make Rotkppchen into a pan-German brand again.
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5. Er sagte, dass er aus Rotkppchen wieder eine gesamtdeutsche Marke machen werde. 6. Er sagte, die Ostdeutschen htten nach der Wende keinen Rotkppchen-Sekt mehr getrunken. 7. Er sagte, die Ostdeutschen seien seit der Ostalgiewelle zu Rotkppchen-Sekt zurckgekehrt. 8. DIRECT: Heise: Die Ostalgie hat mir Mut gemacht. INDIRECT: Er sagte, die Ostalgie habe ihm Mut gemacht.
He said he would make Rotkppchen into a pan-German brand again. He said the East Germans didnt drink Rotkppchen sparkling wine any more after the change. He said the East Germans had returned to Rotkppchen sparkling wine after the nostalgic wave for all things of the old East. Heise: The nostalgia for the East gave me courage. He said the nostalgia for the East had given him courage.
Explanation
1. The subjunctive I is formed by adding the endings -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, and -en to the infinitive stem. The only exception to this rule is the verb sein. If a subjunctive I form is the same as the present tense indicative form, this form needs to be replaced with its present tense subjunctive II form when expressing indirect speech. However, if the subjunctive II form is the same as the simple past indicative form which is, for example, the case with regular verbs this form is usually replaced with the wrde + INFINITIVE construction. 2. The subjunctive I is mostly used in its third person singular and plural forms. (The second person singular and plural forms are rarely used and are considered archaic. Instead, the subjunctive II forms are used.) 3. The only verb not following the rule stated in 1 is the verb sein. 4. In the future tense the form of the verb werden takes the subjunctive I form; the main verb keeps its infinitive form.
5. The word order in dependent clauses is the same for the subjective as it would be for the indicative mood. 6 + 7. To form the subjunctive I perfect tense, the auxiliaries haben and sein take the subjunctive I forms. The past participle stays the same as in the indicative mood. There is only one subjunctive I past tense form. In other words, simple past indicative and present perfect indicative both convert the same way to the subjunctive I. Note: The same substitution rules in Explanation 1 apply to indirect speech in the perfect tense as in the present tense. 8. Often a change of pronouns is necessary when giving a quote in indirect speech. Most indirect speech is introduced by verbs that signal that an indirect quote follows. These include verbs such as sagen (to say), behaupten (to claim), berichten (to report), darauf hinweisen (to indicate).
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9.2 Alternatives to Subjunctive I (Alternativen zum

Konjunktiv I)
Alternatives to the subjunctive I forms are also used to quote what someone has said, but they are used in combination with the indicative instead of the subjunctive mood.
Forms and Meaning

laut (+ gen./dat.) nach (+ dat.) gem (+ dat.) (dat. +) zufolge according to
Examples
1. Laut eines Zeitungsberichts/Laut Zeitungsbericht ist der Osten von soliden wirtschaftlichen Strukturen noch weit entfernt. 2. a. Nach/Gem einem Zeitungsbericht ist der Osten von soliden wirtschaftlichen Strukturen noch weit entfernt. b. Nach Aussage des manager magazins ist der Osten von soliden wirtschaftlichen Strukturen noch weit entfernt. 3. Einem Zeitungsbericht zufolge ist der Osten von soliden wirtschaftlichen Strukturen noch weit entfernt. According to a newspaper report, the East is still far from having solid economic structures. According to a newspaper report, the East is still far from having solid economic structures. According to manager magazin, the East is still far from having solid economic structures. According to a newspaper report, the East is still far from having solid economic structures.
Explanation
1. The preposition laut is used with the genitive case if an article is placed before the noun. It is used with the dative case if no article is placed before the noun. Both expressions have the same meaning. 2. The prepositions nach and gem both need the dative case and are usually used with an article before the noun (Example a). The expression Nach Aussage , however, is very often used without an article (Example b). 3. The preposition zufolge is placed after the noun. Such words are often called postpositions.
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E I N H E I T
10
Lola rennt

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Sentence Negation (Satznegation) Modal Particles (Modalpartikeln) Comparative and Superlative (Komparativ und Superlativ) Location and Direction (Orts- und Richtungsangaben) Word Order: temporal, causal, modal, local (Wortfolge: temporal, kausal, modal, lokal)
Refer to the following sections for review if necessary: 4.2 Present Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II, Prsens) 7.2 Past Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II der Vergangenheit)
10.1 Sentence Negation (Satznegation)

Meaning
nicht nichts keinniemandnie, niemals nirgendwo, nirgends not nothing no; no one, nobody no one, nobody never nowhere
Examples
1. Lola war nicht pnktlich. 2. Manni hat das Geld nicht mitgenommen. 3. Lola arbeitet heute nicht. 4. Lola wollte sich nicht verspten. 5. Sie hat im Taxi nicht aufgepasst. 6. Lola holt Manni nicht ab. 7. Lola und Manni sind nicht unsympathisch. 8. Manni mag es nicht gern, wenn Lola unpnktlich ist. Lola was not on time. Manni didnt take the money with him. Lola doesnt work today. Lola didnt want to be late. In the cab she didnt pay attention. Lola doesnt pick up Manni. Lola and Manni arent unlikeable. Manni doesnt like it when Lola is not on time.
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9. Manni hat nicht auf Lola gewartet. 10. a. Manni hat das Geld nicht mitgenommen. b. Nicht Manni hat das Geld mitgenommen, sondern der Obdachlose.
Manni didnt wait for Lola. Manni didnt take the money with him. It was not Manni who took the money with him, but the homeless man.
Explanation
Nicht follows 1. the conjugated verb 2. the object(s) 3. specific expressions of time, e.g., heute, morgen, gestern, nchste Woche Nicht precedes 4. infinitives 5. past participles 6. separable prefixes 7. adjectives 8. adverbs 9. prepositional phrases 10. You can either negate a whole sentence (Examples 19, 10a) or a part of it (Example 10b). To negate a part, nicht is placed before the part that is to be negated. Those phrases that are negated are followed by a clause introduced by sondern adding the contrasting information.
10.2 Modal Particles (Modalpartikeln)

Modal particles are used to convey impatience, surprise, disbelief, or urgency along with the statement.
Meaning
denn doch mal eigentlich ja really, now, ever, then just, yes, surely, on the contrary, indeed, certainly just, even, merely actually, really, in fact, exactly, tell me yes, in fact, indeed, truly, really, after all, well, as you know
The modal particles are often not directly translatable but are expressed in English with other means instead, such as stress.
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Examples
1. Was macht ihr denn hier? 2. Das wei ich doch nicht! 3. Entschuldigung, ich muss mal kurz stren. 4. Was ist eigentlich heute los? 5. Du siehst ja furchtbar aus! Well, what ever are you doing here? I tell you, I simply dont know! Excuse me, I have to interrupt just a moment. What exactly is wrong today? You look really terrible!
Explanation
1. Denn is used in questions, when asking about something or when being surprised or impatient. 2. Doch is used in statements to stress ones own divergent opinion or viewpoint or to express surprise, disbelief, impatience, or urgency. In imperative phrases this particle is often used in conjunction with mal. 3. Mal is used to make a question or statement more friendly or to express that something is for a brief moment only. 4. Eigentlich is used in questions or statements to make them more friendly or to express that one is thinking about something, but hasnt yet found the answer. 5. Ja is used in statements to stress the obviousness of a fact or to express surprise.
10.3
Forms
a. regular: b. irregular:
Comparative and Superlative (Komparativ und Superlativ)

Adjective/Adverb schnell gut viel gern hoch nah gro dunkel teuer mild beliebt nass hei hbsch schwarz sympathisch alt gesund Comparative schneller besser mehr lieber hher nher grer dunkler teurer milder beliebter nasser heier hbscher schwrzer sympathischer lter gesnder Superlative am schnellsten am am am am am am besten meisten liebsten hchsten nchsten grten
c. most adjectives/adverbs of more than one syllable ending in -el or -er: d. 1. adjectives/adverbs ending in -d, -t, -s,-, -sch, and -z:
am dunkelsten am teuersten am am am am am am mildesten beliebtesten nassesten heiesten hbschesten schwrzesten
2. except -isch: e. some monosyllabic adjectives: special case:
am sympathischsten am ltesten am gesndesten
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Explanation
a. The regular comparative ending is -er. The regular superlative ending is -sten. b. There are several irregular forms. c. Most adjectives/adverbs of more than one syllable ending in -el or -er lose the e in the comparative form. d. Adjectives ending in -d, -t, -s, -, -sch, and -z add an extra e before the superlative ending -sten. Adjectives/adverbs ending in -isch, however, do not add the extra e. e. Some monosyllabic adjectives/adverbs with the vowels a, o, u form the comparative and the superlative with an umlaut: , , . These adjectives include alt, arm, dumm, grob, hart, jung, kalt, klug, kurz, lang, oft, scharf, schwach, schwarz, stark, warm. The adjective gesund also forms the comparative and superlative forms with an umlaut.
Examples
1. a. Lola rennt im zweiten Szenario langsamer als im ersten. b. Der Unfall ist aber genauso schlimm wie im ersten Szenario. 2. Lola ist die intelligentere Figur. 3. Das beste Szenario ist das dritte. 4. Lola hat im dritten Szenario mehr Glck als in den ersten beiden. 5. Welches Szenario ist Ihrer Meinung nach das beste (Szenario)? 6. Das Beste fr Lola wre ein anderer Freund. Lola runs more slowly in the second scenario than in the first one. But the accident is just as bad as in the first scenario. Lola is the more intelligent character. The best scenario is the third one. In the third scenario, Lola is luckier than in the first two. Which scenario do you think is the best (scenario)? The best thing for Lola would be a different boyfriend.
Explanation
1. The comparative form plus als is used to express inequality (Example a), whereas (genau)so + ADJECTIVE/ADVERB + wie is used to express equality (Example b). 2. The comparative forms can be used as attributive adjectives, meaning they are followed by the nouns they modify. To do so, add the appropriate adjective endings to the comparative form. 3. The superlative forms can be used as attributive adjectives as well. To do so, omit am and the -en ending and add the appropriate adjective endings. 4. Mehr and weniger do not take adjective endings. 5. If the noun is clear from the context, it is not necessary to repeat it. The adjective has to be inflected nevertheless. 6. The adjective has to be capitalized when it is used as a noun.
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10.4 Location and Direction (Orts- und

Richtungsangaben)
Meaning
nach links/rechts laufen bis zu ber entlanglaufen durch hinauflaufen hinunterlaufen an vorbeilaufen unter (hin)durchlaufen um die Strae berqueren geradeaus to run to the left/right as far as across, over to run along through to run up to run down to run past to run underneath around to cross the street straight ahead
Examples
1. Lola luft ber die Strae und dann nach links. 2. Sie luft bis zu Manni. 3. a. Sie luft eine Strae entlang. b. Entlang der Strae stehen Bume. 4. Sie luft die Treppe hinauf. 5. Sie luft die Treppe hinunter.
Lola runs across the street and then to the left. She runs as far as Manni. She runs along a street. Along the street are trees. She runs up the stairway. She runs down the stairway. She runs past Doris. She runs underneath a bridge.
6. Sie luft an Doris vorbei. 7. Sie luft unter einer Brcke (hin)durch.
Explanation
1. Nach in a local context is used in the expressions nach links/rechts, nach Hause. 2. Bis zu indicates that this location is the final point of movement. 3. The preposition entlang can be used with either the accusative or the dative case. If it is used with the accusative, it is placed after the noun (Example a) and indicates motion. If it is used with the dative, it is placed before the noun (Example b) and indicates position. 4 + 5. Hinauf and hinunter can be used with stairs, mountains, streets, and any sort of landmark feature that has an incline or decline. 6. Vorbei is used to indicate motion first towards something and then away from it. 7. Unter (hin)durch can be used with bridges or any similar landmark features.
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10.5 Word Order: temporal, causal, modal, local

(Wortfolge: temporal, kausal, modal, lokal)
The basic German word order for adverbial expressions is: temporal, causal, modal, local. You can remember this by thinking of the made-up word te-ca-mo-lo.1
Example
Lola und Manni versuchen heute aus Liebe gemeinsam in Berlin ein groes Problem zu lsen. Today in Berlin Lola and Manni are trying to solve a big problem together for the sake of their love.
Explanation
If a sentence contains several adverbial elements, the default word order is tecamolo (tekamolo): temporal (heute), causal (aus Liebe), modal (gemeinsam), local (in Berlin).
The temporal element answers the question When? It can be specific (um sechs Uhr, ), general (im Jahre 2010, ), or relative (bald, morgen Abend, ) time information. The causal element answers the question Why? It explains the reason for the action (aus Liebe, wegen des Wetters, ). The modal element answers the question How? It provides information as to the means (mit einer Pistole, ) or manner (gemeinsam, unglcklich, ) by or in which the action occurs. Finally, the local element answers the question Where? It can indicate movement (vor das Auto, nach Hause, ...) or location (im Auto, hier, ...). It can be a specific place name (in Berlin, ), a local adverb (hier, dort, ), or a prepositional phrase (in die Bank, zu Hause, ).
1This
is te-ka-mo-lo in German, which stands for temporal, kausal, modal, lokal.
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GERMANGRAMMAR

1.1 Present Tense Conjugations (Konjugationen im Prsens)

mach | en wir ihr sie/Sie -en -t -en (machen) (macht) (machen)

(mache) (machst) (macht)

ich arbeit du arbeit er/sie/es/man arbeit

(arbeite) (arbeitest) (arbeitet)

Anders gedacht: Grammar Explanations

2 mache mache mache

1.2 Prefixed Verbs (Verben mit Prfix)

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Anders gedacht: Grammar Explanations

1.3 Gender (Geschlecht)

Forms and Examples

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Neuter Suffixes -chen -ment -(i)um

Examples das Mdchen das Argument das Studium

1.4 Compound Nouns (Komposita)

1.5 The Function of Case, Part 1: Nominative,

Accusative, and Dative (Kasusfunktion Teil 1: Nominativ, Akkusativ und Dativ)

Dieser Flug ist mein erster Flug nach Amerika.

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Accusative Dieser Flug kostet einen Haufen Geld!

This flight costs a fortune!

Dative Ich bringe meiner Schwester ein Andenken mit.

Ill bring my sister a souvenir.

Genitive Das ist das Buch der Frau an der Tr.

The book belongs to the woman at the door.

Anders gedacht: Grammar Explanations

1.6 Declension of der-Words (Deklination von der-Wrtern)

Forms and Examples

Feminine die/diese Reise die/diese Reise der/dieser Reise der/dieser Reise

Neuter das/dieses Ziel das/dieses Ziel dem/diesem Ziel des/dieses Zieles1

Plural die/diese/alle Flge die/diese/alle Flge den/diesen/allen Flgen der/dieser/aller Flge

den/diesen Flug dem/diesem Flug des/dieses Fluges1

Exception: Noun plurals ending in -s (mit den Autos).

1.7 Declension of ein-Words (Deklination von ein-Wrtern)

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Anders gedacht: Grammar Explanations

1.8 Weak Nouns (N-Deklination)

2. der Mensch, -en Singular Nominative Accusative Dative Genitive

Plural die Menschen die Menschen den Menschen der Menschen

der Mensch den Menschen dem Menschen des Menschen

Explanation and Examples

1.9 Dative Verbs (Dativverben)

2. Ich schreibe meinen Eltern aus dem

Urlaub immer eine Postkarte.

3. Ich helfe meiner Freundin (ihren Koffer) packen.

Im helping my friend pack (her suitcase).

Anders gedacht: Grammar Explanations

1.10 Accusative Prepositions (Prpositionen mit

1.11 Dative Prepositions (Prpositionen mit dem Dativ)

1.12 Two-Way Prepositions (Wechselprpositionen)

Anders gedacht: Grammar Explanations

Movement: Ich gehe den Fluss entlang.

Location versus Movement

Movement: Ich setze mich neben sie.

Movement: Eine nette Frau kommt und legt sich zu ihm.