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- Evolutionary theodicies are responses to the question of animal suffering as an aspect of the problem of evil. These theodicies assert that a universe which contains the beauty and complexity this one does could only come about by the natural processes of evolution, therefore, evolution is the only way the world we now have could have been created: the goodness of creation is, therefore, intrinsically linked to the pain and evil of the evolutionary processes by which such goodness is achieved. As John Polkinghorne argues, the randomness that is a necessary aspect of developing new forms of life is the characteristic which also creates the unintended suffering of those life forms. Natural suffering, then, is defined as an unavoidable and unintentional side effect of developing life. The problem of animal suffering is presented in the form of a logical syllogism or an evidential argument. These theodicies include basic presumptions that evil cannot be defined simply as pain, that the assumed characteristics of the Divine are limited, and that the theory of evolution is factual. Evolutionary theodicists, such as Christopher Southgate, assert that God cares for, and suffers along with, all suffering creatures. Polkinghorne also asserts that human freewill is connected to quantum randomness. Opponents of evolutionary theodicies object to the use of eschatology as part of a theodicy, asking why God didn't just create Heaven where there is no suffering in the first place. They question God's purposes in creating a world that necessitates suffering, argue that there are values that do not require evolution in order to develop, and generally object to evolutionary theodicy's basic presuppositions which challenge traditional theology. (en)
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- Evolutionary theodicies are responses to the question of animal suffering as an aspect of the problem of evil. These theodicies assert that a universe which contains the beauty and complexity this one does could only come about by the natural processes of evolution, therefore, evolution is the only way the world we now have could have been created: the goodness of creation is, therefore, intrinsically linked to the pain and evil of the evolutionary processes by which such goodness is achieved. As John Polkinghorne argues, the randomness that is a necessary aspect of developing new forms of life is the characteristic which also creates the unintended suffering of those life forms. Natural suffering, then, is defined as an unavoidable and unintentional side effect of developing life. (en)
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- Evolutionary theodicy (en)
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