Papers by Ludwing Salamanca
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The American journal on addictions, 2018
There may be substantial overlap in the risk factors for substance use and substance use disorder... more There may be substantial overlap in the risk factors for substance use and substance use disorders (SUD). Identifying risk factors for substance use initiation is essential for understanding the etiology and natural history of SUD and to develop empirically-based preventive interventions to reduce initiation. Analyses were done on Wave 1 participants of the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) (n = 43,093). Estimates of the cumulative probability of substance use initiation were obtained separately for nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. Survival analyses with time-varying covariates were implemented to identify risk factors for substance initiation. The lifetime cumulative probabilities of substance initiation were 45.5% for nicotine, 82% for alcohol, 19.6% for cannabis, and 6.4% for cocaine. Among respondents with lifetime nicotine use, 50% had used it by age 15.3, whereas for alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine the respective ages were 17.8,...
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Page 1. Neurofibroma solitario en el paciente sin neurofibromatosis: Aspectos biológicos y clínic... more Page 1. Neurofibroma solitario en el paciente sin neurofibromatosis: Aspectos biológicos y clínicos Ludwing Flórez Salamanca* Juan Sebastián Barajas Gamboa** Resumen Summary El neurofibroma es uno de los tumores ...
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JAMA psychiatry, Jan 17, 2016
With rising rates of marijuana use in the general population and an increasing number of states l... more With rising rates of marijuana use in the general population and an increasing number of states legalizing recreational marijuana use and authorizing medical marijuana programs, there are renewed clinical and policy concerns regarding the mental health effects of cannabis use. To examine prospective associations between cannabis use and risk of mental health and substance use disorders in the general adult population. A nationally representative sample of US adults aged 18 years or older was interviewed 3 years apart in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (wave 1, 2001-2002; wave 2, 2004-2005). The primary analyses were limited to 34 653 respondents who were interviewed in both waves. Data analysis was conducted from March 15 to November 30, 2015. We used multiple regression and propensity score matching to estimate the strength of independent associations between cannabis use at wave 1 and incident and prevalent psychiatric disorders at wave 2. Psych...
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Schizophrenia Research, 2012
Childhood and adolescence represent the periods during which hallucinatory experiences occur at t... more Childhood and adolescence represent the periods during which hallucinatory experiences occur at the greatest prevalence, and also constitute a critical window of vulnerability for the pathogenesis of psychotic disorders. The longitudinal course of hallucinatory experiences during late childhood and adolescence, as well as their relationship to psychotic disorders, has never been the subject of review. We followed the PRISMA guidelines for conducting systematic reviews and combined the use of electronic and manual systematic search methods. Data were extracted upon pre-defined requested items and were analyzed using several epidemiological measures. The interpretation of the results was conducted in relation to the study design variables. A total of 11 datasets (6 epidemiological and 5 clinical) were reviewed. The baseline prevalence of hallucinatory experiences ranged from 4.9% to 9%. Discontinuation occurred in between 58.7% and 94.5% of the cases, and person-year discontinuation rates ranged from 3% to 40.7% and appeared to be related to the duration of follow-up. Despite low person-year incidence rate, incident cases constituted between 27.7% and 83.3% of outcome samples. 2 of 3 studies showed evidence to predict transition to psychosis with likelihood ratios of 2.5 and 6.6. Hallucinatory experiences are a common experience during childhood and adolescence. A review of the current literature suggests that there is a considerable turnover of incident-discontinuing cases and that most cases discontinue in the short term. A subset of the cases was at risk for persistence or transition to psychosis, probably related to indicators of severity of the hallucinatory experience.
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Biomédica, 2009
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Medical Education, 2013
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The Journal of Pediatrics, 2013
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Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2013
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Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2013
The goal of this study was to estimate rates of relapse to smoking in the community and to identi... more The goal of this study was to estimate rates of relapse to smoking in the community and to identify predictors of relapse. Data were drawn from the Waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the probability of relapse at Wave 2 among individuals who were abstinent at Wave 1 given length of abstinence as well as the presence of several sociodemographic, psychopathologic and substance use-related variables at Wave 1. The risk for relapse among individuals who had been abstinent for 12 months or less at the baseline assessment was above 50%. Among individuals who had been abstinent for over a year, risk of relapse decreased hyperbolically as a function of time, and stabilized around 10% after 30 years of abstinence. Although several sociodemographic, psychopathologic and tobacco-related variables predicted relapse in univariate analyses, only younger age at cessation and shorter duration of abstinence independently predicted risk of relapse in multivariable analyses. The first year after a quit attempt constitutes the period of highest risk for relapse. Although the risk for relapse decreases over time, it never fully disappears. Furthermore, younger age at smoking cessation also increases the risk for relapse. This information may help develop more targeted and effective relapse prevention programs.
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MedUNAB, 2008
Page 1. Neurofibroma solitario en el paciente sin neurofibromatosis: Aspectos biológicos y clínic... more Page 1. Neurofibroma solitario en el paciente sin neurofibromatosis: Aspectos biológicos y clínicos Ludwing Flórez Salamanca* Juan Sebastián Barajas Gamboa** Resumen Summary El neurofibroma es uno de los tumores ...
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The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2013
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Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2019
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Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud, 2009
INTRODUCTION Solitary neurofibromas are benign tumors, often the manifestation of neurofibromatos... more INTRODUCTION Solitary neurofibromas are benign tumors, often the manifestation of neurofibromatosis, and reflect a hereditary pathology with several variants. The clinical manifestations of solitary neurofibromas change according to their location and can generate a variety of symptoms. Usually, solitary neurofibromas are located in the skin and rarely in other places. Surgical removal is the only treatment; malignant transformation and recurrence are unusual. OBJECTIVE A case is reported of solitary neurofibroma in the abdominal wall of a 19-year-old patient without neurofibromatosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Articles included are from Proquest, Pubmed and Ovid databases. Key words used were neurofibroma, tumors of the neural sheath, and case report. The search is current as of May 24, 2007. CONCLUSIONS This case appears to be the first one with these characteristics reported in the English and Spanish medical literature.
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Objective Explore potential changes in the characteristics of patients requesting smoking cessati... more Objective Explore potential changes in the characteristics of patients requesting smoking cessation treatment at an outpatient setting in Spain before and after Law 42/2010 was enacted. Design This is a cross-sectional study with convenience sampling. The information was obtained from the medical records of patients receiving smoking cessation treatment from January 2008 to December 2014. Setting Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valencia. Participants 423 patients who sought smoking cessation treatment 36 months before or 48 months after the enactment of the law. Results After the enactment of a comprehensive smoke-free law in Spain, the patients seeking smoking cessation treatment were older (p=0.003), had lower values of exhaled CO (p<0.0001), lower number of previous attempts to quit (p=0.027) and more history of medical problems related to smoking (p=0.002). Conclusion Our findings support the idea that society–nation level interventions could have an impact at the individua...
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Journal of Depression and Anxiety, 2014
The theoretical review published on May’s number of Depression and Anxiety by Cuijpers et al. [1]... more The theoretical review published on May’s number of Depression and Anxiety by Cuijpers et al. [1] presents how effect sizes of symptom severity scores alone may not be equated to clinically relevant outcomes. As traditionally used in clinical trials for depression, often an effect size of 0.5 is considered as large enough to be meaningful. This is an arbitrarily defined statistical construct that accounts for the magnitude of the difference in symptom severity between two groups, in half a standard deviation of the total rating scale score. The authors argue that change in amount of symptoms does not equate to meaningful clinical impact unless this is perceived as such by the patient. They suggest calculating clinically meaningful effect sizes by calculating the size effect that was equivalent to a self-reported “minimally important difference” for a certain condition, in this case depression. This article brings up the issue of both validity of the outcome, as well as meaningful effect size in clinical trials. Yet, several considerations further impact clinical outcome validity—first, deciding upon what quantifies “minimal important difference” when treating depressive syndromes, and deciding of what target, i.e. severity of symptoms or their impact on functioning as perceived by the patient.
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SAGE Open, 2014
Around the world, sexual prejudice is still a concerning attitude present in health care provider... more Around the world, sexual prejudice is still a concerning attitude present in health care providers and institutions. Identification of sexual prejudice during medical training could be an initial strategy to improve health care assistance to this particular population. Despite significant knowledge in the area, almost all previous studies were based on samples from developed countries, and there are no studies evaluating sexual prejudice and its conditionings among Latin American medical students. Objectives of the study were to estimate prevalence and predictors of sexual prejudice among medical students from two large cities in Colombia. This research found that 22.9% of medical students had a high sexual prejudice. Males and individuals with high religiosity were associated with a higher sexual prejudice and may require more sensitization and education in the area. Medical training represents a very good opportunity to approach the problem and decrease sexual prejudice in future ...
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Introduccion: Existen diferentes grados de severidad de uso de sustancias incluyendo el consumo, ... more Introduccion: Existen diferentes grados de severidad de uso de sustancias incluyendo el consumo, los trastornos por uso de sustancias de distinta severidad, la remision y la recaida. Adicionalmente, el uso de sustancias puede relacionarse con el desarrollo de comorbilidad psiquiatrica a largo plazo. La mayoria de estudios epidemiologicos que observan las tasas de transicion entre distintos niveles de severidad se han realizado en su mayoria utilizando bases de datos clinicos, que no son representativas de la poblacion en general. Eso limita la utilidad de esos estudios para entender estos fenomenos a nivel poblacional y elaborar politicas de salud publica dirigidas a las comunidades. Objetivos: Estimar la probabilidad y los predictores de la transicion entre abuso a dependencia de alcohol, cannabis y cocaina; la recaida a uso de cannabis despues de haber alcanzado la remision y el riesgo de desarrollar comorbilidad psiquiatrica a largo plazo en personas que usan cannabis utilizando ...
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General Hospital Psychiatry
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Papers by Ludwing Salamanca