Tung-Chai Ling
Dr Tung-Chai Ling is a lecturer with the School of Civil Engineering at the University of Birmingham. Prior to joining UoB, he spent 3 years as a Postdoctoral Fellow with The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Between 2009 and 2012, he published in over 30 peer-reviewed journals besides a number of bibliographic conference papers and a book. In addition, he has won a number of research and academic awards as well as two product patents for his research work. He is a member of the editorial board for the Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, and serves as a regular reviewer for a number leading international journals such as Cement and Concrete Composites, Construction and Building Materials, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, etc.
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The results show that the use of up to 100% CRT funnel glass as fine aggregate in concrete paving blocks not only have satisfactory levels in compressive strength (>45 MPa) and ASR expansion (<0.1%), but improved the resistance to water absorption, drying shrinkage and photocatalytic performance for reducing air pollutants. However, the TCLP results reveal that the casting method of producing dry-mixed concrete blocks had a significant influence on lead leaching, and the replacement ratio of the CRT glass should be limited to about 25%.
The results show that the water demand of the mix increased with decreasing fineness modulus of the fine aggregate. All concrete blocks containing FG showed higher water absorption and lower hardened density than the control concrete block. For FG with particle size less than 600 μm, this was more pronounced. Slight reductions in compressive strength were observed with the use of coarser FG, while significant increases in compressive strength occurred when the particle size of FG was reduced to less than 600 μm. This indicates that finer FG exhibited appreciable pozzolanic reactivity.
both to preserve valuable resources and to prevent environmental damage due to
improper disposal. The objective of this study is to promote a practical use and acceptance
of disposing crumb rubber in concrete paving blocks (CPB) by end user. Existing CPB is
characterized as a composite material with high compressive strength but with a low
toughness. By adding rubber into CPB, the toughness is improved while meeting minimum
strength requirements. A total of 4300 rubberized concrete paving blocks (RCPB) were
produced in a commercial plant, and 348 RCPB were tested for compression and abrasion
performance as prescribed by the Concrete Masonry Association of Australia (CMAA). In
addition, sound absorption, voids and skid resistance were tested in accordance to American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The tests results revealed that the rubber
substitution should not exceed 20 % by sand volume, which caused excessive reductions in
compressive strength. Further investigations showed that sound absorption and toughness
was improved as the rubber content in the mix increased. The RCPB specimens had a significant
capability in absorbing dynamic loading and in resisting crack propagation. Such
behaviour may be beneficial for pavements that require good impact resistance properties.
blocks (RCPB). The effect of three curing conditions on compressive strength was studied.
Additional strength tests which included flexural and splitting tensile strength were conducted
to determine the strength characteristics and to enhance the understanding of the RCPB properties.
Four batches of RCPB that replaced sand volume with crumb rubber at 0%, 10%, 20%
and 30% were produced in a commercial plant. The results showed that 10% replacement of
crumb rubber did not show any significant change in compressive strength but slightly improved
the flexural strength. As the rubber content exceeded 20%, RCPB would cause a great
reduction in strength although ductility increases greatly. It was found that the RCPB specimens
tested remained intact after failure and did not shatter. Thus, this would be beneficial for
trafficked pavement.
for repairing structural cracks. However, in terms of raw material cost, SCCG is higher than for
conventional concrete due to the high cement volumes at relatively low water-binder ratios to
achieve satisfactory combinations of high fluidity and stability. It is expected that ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) can be used as an alternative material to replace high
volume of cement in preparing self-compacting repair mortar (SCRM). In this study, the
effects of GGBFS content on both fresh and hardened properties of SCRM were investigated.
The influence of different curing conditions on long term compressive strength was also
studied. In addition, the microstructure of some mixes at the age of 6 months was also observed
by using scanning electron microscope. The results show that the workability and final
bleeding value of fresh SCRM decreased with the increase in GGBFS content. At early ages,
the compressive strength rate of SCRM incorporating GGBFS was lower but it increased with
time and became more pronounced at 30% to 50% replacement level. Thus, the maximum limit
of GGBFS replacement is suggested to be controlled at 50% to make the most excellent
development in long-term compressive strength. As for curing condition, specimens stored in
water showed higher gain in long-term strength than those samples exposed to air and natural
weather weathering conditions.
pavement performance. Accelerated loading testing is able to determine the pavement response and
performance under a controlled, accelerated, accumulation of damage in a compressed time period. A
test was performed in laboratory to investigate the permanent deformation development under
Highway Accelerated Loading Instrument (HALI). A CBP model constructed from the bottom with hard
neoprene, bedding sand and paving blocks filled with jointing sand was prepared and tested. Up to
2500 cycles load repetitions of a 1000 kg single wheel load were applied to the pavement model. The
pavement deformation development was studied through its transverse deformation profile, mean rut
depth in the wheel path, longitudinal rut depth profile and joint width between paving blocks. Test
results indicated that the rut depth increase with increasing number of load repetitions and also the
heaves at each side of the wheel path. It has also shown that the constant deformation, accelerating
and braking sections of the pavement have been observed and determined.
The results show that the use of up to 100% CRT funnel glass as fine aggregate in concrete paving blocks not only have satisfactory levels in compressive strength (>45 MPa) and ASR expansion (<0.1%), but improved the resistance to water absorption, drying shrinkage and photocatalytic performance for reducing air pollutants. However, the TCLP results reveal that the casting method of producing dry-mixed concrete blocks had a significant influence on lead leaching, and the replacement ratio of the CRT glass should be limited to about 25%.
The results show that the water demand of the mix increased with decreasing fineness modulus of the fine aggregate. All concrete blocks containing FG showed higher water absorption and lower hardened density than the control concrete block. For FG with particle size less than 600 μm, this was more pronounced. Slight reductions in compressive strength were observed with the use of coarser FG, while significant increases in compressive strength occurred when the particle size of FG was reduced to less than 600 μm. This indicates that finer FG exhibited appreciable pozzolanic reactivity.
both to preserve valuable resources and to prevent environmental damage due to
improper disposal. The objective of this study is to promote a practical use and acceptance
of disposing crumb rubber in concrete paving blocks (CPB) by end user. Existing CPB is
characterized as a composite material with high compressive strength but with a low
toughness. By adding rubber into CPB, the toughness is improved while meeting minimum
strength requirements. A total of 4300 rubberized concrete paving blocks (RCPB) were
produced in a commercial plant, and 348 RCPB were tested for compression and abrasion
performance as prescribed by the Concrete Masonry Association of Australia (CMAA). In
addition, sound absorption, voids and skid resistance were tested in accordance to American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The tests results revealed that the rubber
substitution should not exceed 20 % by sand volume, which caused excessive reductions in
compressive strength. Further investigations showed that sound absorption and toughness
was improved as the rubber content in the mix increased. The RCPB specimens had a significant
capability in absorbing dynamic loading and in resisting crack propagation. Such
behaviour may be beneficial for pavements that require good impact resistance properties.
blocks (RCPB). The effect of three curing conditions on compressive strength was studied.
Additional strength tests which included flexural and splitting tensile strength were conducted
to determine the strength characteristics and to enhance the understanding of the RCPB properties.
Four batches of RCPB that replaced sand volume with crumb rubber at 0%, 10%, 20%
and 30% were produced in a commercial plant. The results showed that 10% replacement of
crumb rubber did not show any significant change in compressive strength but slightly improved
the flexural strength. As the rubber content exceeded 20%, RCPB would cause a great
reduction in strength although ductility increases greatly. It was found that the RCPB specimens
tested remained intact after failure and did not shatter. Thus, this would be beneficial for
trafficked pavement.
for repairing structural cracks. However, in terms of raw material cost, SCCG is higher than for
conventional concrete due to the high cement volumes at relatively low water-binder ratios to
achieve satisfactory combinations of high fluidity and stability. It is expected that ground
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) can be used as an alternative material to replace high
volume of cement in preparing self-compacting repair mortar (SCRM). In this study, the
effects of GGBFS content on both fresh and hardened properties of SCRM were investigated.
The influence of different curing conditions on long term compressive strength was also
studied. In addition, the microstructure of some mixes at the age of 6 months was also observed
by using scanning electron microscope. The results show that the workability and final
bleeding value of fresh SCRM decreased with the increase in GGBFS content. At early ages,
the compressive strength rate of SCRM incorporating GGBFS was lower but it increased with
time and became more pronounced at 30% to 50% replacement level. Thus, the maximum limit
of GGBFS replacement is suggested to be controlled at 50% to make the most excellent
development in long-term compressive strength. As for curing condition, specimens stored in
water showed higher gain in long-term strength than those samples exposed to air and natural
weather weathering conditions.
pavement performance. Accelerated loading testing is able to determine the pavement response and
performance under a controlled, accelerated, accumulation of damage in a compressed time period. A
test was performed in laboratory to investigate the permanent deformation development under
Highway Accelerated Loading Instrument (HALI). A CBP model constructed from the bottom with hard
neoprene, bedding sand and paving blocks filled with jointing sand was prepared and tested. Up to
2500 cycles load repetitions of a 1000 kg single wheel load were applied to the pavement model. The
pavement deformation development was studied through its transverse deformation profile, mean rut
depth in the wheel path, longitudinal rut depth profile and joint width between paving blocks. Test
results indicated that the rut depth increase with increasing number of load repetitions and also the
heaves at each side of the wheel path. It has also shown that the constant deformation, accelerating
and braking sections of the pavement have been observed and determined.