The processing unit is proposed as a conceptual framework for analyzing language perception and s... more The processing unit is proposed as a conceptual framework for analyzing language perception and semantic organization processes. In this work, the processing unit concept is characterized in the reading domain. Reading is viewed as processing information from written material on several levels in parallel. In order to describe the function of the processing unit, three levels are identified: the syntactic, the formalsemantic, and the factual levels, and their corresponding analysis units: the clause, the proposition, and the fact. The processing unit is characterized as a segment in the read text that includes all the information necessary for its interpretation in the context of this three-level set. The boundary of a processing unit is located at a point in the text where identification of complete analysis units at each one of the three levels is achieved. The method of identifying processing units is demonstrated by describing the processing steps in analysis of several example sentences.
... Croom Helm, London (1983). Kaufman, 1989. G. Kaufman , Learning styles of high-school student... more ... Croom Helm, London (1983). Kaufman, 1989. G. Kaufman , Learning styles of high-school students. , Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel (1989) Unpublished master's thesis . Kaufman, G. & E. Kozminsky. (in preparation). ... 413–431. Full Text via CrossRef. Selmes, 1985. ...
Educational and Psychological Measurement, Sep 1, 1988
A cross-language and a cross-culture validation of the Inventory of Learning Processes (ILP) is p... more A cross-language and a cross-culture validation of the Inventory of Learning Processes (ILP) is presented. Developed by Schmeck, Ribich, and Ramanaiah (1977), ILP was translated into Hebrew and administered to 302 undergraduate students at an Israeli university. A factor analysis of the data was compared to ILP's Deep Processing, Methodical Study, Fact Retention, and Elaborative Processing factors. There was a reasonable agreement between the two sets of factors. The internal consistency and intercorrelations among ILP factors were comparable to those of Schmeck et al. (1977) data, except one correlation. An analysis of ILP scales' scores revealed no sex differences, and the differences among student groups were comparable to other ILP studies. An item analysis indicated possible linguistic and cultural bias in several items of the inventory. Several characteristics of the missing data in this study were related to the serial position of the items in the inventory and to the students' sex and study year at the university. A reinterpretation of the factors was proposed in terms of encoding, retrieval, and internal processing styles.
... groups before and alter the intervention (standard deviations are in Experimental Conlrol I&#... more ... groups before and alter the intervention (standard deviations are in Experimental Conlrol I'acMan Dodge Em Horse Race No Game Mean Before 104.88 104.05 110.36 108.47 106.94 (12.37) ( 8.85) (12.19) (11.79) (1 1.43) Occasion After 11 7.41 115.50 113.00 . 110.58 114.14 ...
... These were also taken from scientific fields (`What are tides?') and culture (`Who w... more ... These were also taken from scientific fields (`What are tides?') and culture (`Who were the Aztecs?'). The students were asked to write out in brief what they knew of the concept. ... Reading strategies ability ... After reading each passage, the student was required ...
Acknowledgment. Contributors. Preface. Introduction (J.-F. Rouet et al.). Keynote Contributions. ... more Acknowledgment. Contributors. Preface. Introduction (J.-F. Rouet et al.). Keynote Contributions. Sign systems, technologies and the acquisition of knowledge (W. Schnotz). Document-based decision making (P. Wright). Integration of Texts and Graphics as a Psychological Process: Individual Skills and Strategies. The construction and the updating of a spatial mental model from text and map: effect of imagery and anchors (I. Tapiero). Can children process complex information from different media? (F. Guercin). Understanding information presented by complex animated diagrams (R. Lowe). Students' use of hypergraphic advising tools in a learning-by-doing system for electronic troubleshooting (S. Katz et al.). Using complex images in the popularisation of science: scientific or ideological agenda? (P. Clement). Student preference for verbal, graphic or symbolic information in an independent learning environment for an applied statistics course (H.M. Dekeyser). Optimising Media Integration in Computer-Support Learning Environments. Sequential display of pictures and its effect on memorization (M. Betrancourt et al.). The effect of segmentation plans of computer-based graphic organizers on their studying and reconstruction (E. Kozminsky, M. Asaf). Using a multimedia computer program to teach German as a second language (K. Steffens, R. Jedermann). Hypermedia for physics learning: the case of the energy concept (E. de Vries). Learning with a computer system: the learner's point of view (J.A.C. Sandberg, Y.F. Barnard). Postface. Designing multimedia systems for learning: some lessons and further issues (J.-F. Rouet). References. Index.
Abstract. The study investigated whether the use of concept mapping as a preparatory stage for id... more Abstract. The study investigated whether the use of concept mapping as a preparatory stage for identifying relevant information on a given research subject on the web, improves search results. In addition we analyzed the effects of the search process on the quality of inquiry projects, prepared by sixth graders. 78 students from three classes participated in the study. They were assigned to 27 small teams (about three students in a team) for the purpose of preparing inquiry projects. The teams, balanced across classes, were randomly assigned to three intervention groups. One group was instructed in preparing concept maps for the purpose of searching the web to find relevant documents. The second group was instructed in preparing lists for the search purpose. The third, control, was instructed in identifying main ideas of texts. All the groups searched on the web and found a similar amount of documents. The map and the list groups found better quality documents than the control. An a...
In this study, 24 9th-grade students investigated several issues related to modern Israeli societ... more In this study, 24 9th-grade students investigated several issues related to modern Israeli society. In their investigation, students were engaged in activities such as data search, data sorting, making inquiries, project writing, and construction of a new computerized database related to the subjects of their investigations. Students were encouraged to write personal reflection notes after each session throughout the five-month period of their work. Studying these reflections improves understanding of the way students think about themselves as learners, about the task's demands, and about strategies that are needed to deal with the demands. A tool for analyzing the reflections based on Flavell's metacognitive components is proposed. Replicas are analyzed according to 18 dimensions. This tool enables comparison of different patterns of reflections among students, as well as detection of dominant dimensions within the student's own protocols of reflection. (Contains 14 ref...
The paper describes the English Language Translation Program (LTP), as it is implemented in Israe... more The paper describes the English Language Translation Program (LTP), as it is implemented in Israeli high schools. It further discusses the results of an empirical study designed to evaluate the students' achievements following the program. The LTP is a two-year option for the 11th and 12th grades. In a two-hour weekly course they practice written translation from English (L2) into Hebrew (L1), and discuss textually relevant translation problems with the aim of increasing language awareness and developing language competence. Evaluation of the program at the end of 1994 indicated that the LTP students improved the metalanguage skills related to translation, and also gained 5 extra percentage points in the regular English matriculation exams at the end of grade 12, compared to the non-LTP controls. Administrative, pedagogical, and conceptual problems in implementing the program are discussed. In the last decade, certain aspects of translation have been introduced into the Israeli ...
The study investigated whether the use of concept mapping as a preparatory stage for identifying ... more The study investigated whether the use of concept mapping as a preparatory stage for identifying relevant information on a given research subject on the web, improves search results. In addition we analyzed the effects of the search process on the quality of inquiry projects, prepared by sixth graders. 78 students from three classes participated in the study. They were assigned to 27 small teams (about three students in a team) for the purpose of preparing inquiry projects. The teams, balanced across classes, were randomly assigned to three intervention groups. One group was instructed in preparing concept maps for the purpose of searching the web to find relevant documents. The second group was instructed in preparing lists for the search purpose. The third, control, was instructed in identifying main ideas of texts. All the groups searched on the web and found a similar amount of documents. The map and the list groups found better quality documents than the control. An advantage f...
Two studies examine the effect of the geometric forms of nodes of a concept map, presented prior ... more Two studies examine the effect of the geometric forms of nodes of a concept map, presented prior to reading a text, on its comprehension. In the first study we varied the map interface. 162 students received a concept map to study. The map was presented in one of five interfaces: two bi-form interfaces (ellipses for content and rectangles for structure concepts, and vice versa), two uniform interfaces (ellipses or rectangles node frames), or a concept map without frames. Then a text was given to study without the map, and a comprehension test followed. Three texts were studied. The results indicated no comprehension differences between the two bi-form groups and neither between the two uniform groups. The comprehension scores were higher for the bi-form compared with the uniform interface. The no frame interface received the lowest scores. Before and after studying the texts, the students ranked their preferences for the various map interfaces. The preferences were in concordance to...
In this study writing processes, performed using Word processing software, are portrayed and comp... more In this study writing processes, performed using Word processing software, are portrayed and compared to theories dealing with pen-and-paper writing. The writing processes of 40 female university students were logged and recorded. Dividing the processes into writing phases and hierarchically clustering writing patterns we find that writing with Word processors involves processes which are both common to pen-and-paper writing and unique to the computerized environment. Word processed writing can still be characterized as a recursive activity in which planning is dominant in its initial stages and revision in its final stages, nevertheless, after an intensive early planning stage, it also involves simultaneous micro planningtranslating-reviewing phases throughout the writing process. In addition, much of the revision performed is an editing of language errors immediately following the completion of words. Although such writing behavior is considered characteristic of novice writers, t...
The processing unit is proposed as a conceptual framework for analyzing language perception and s... more The processing unit is proposed as a conceptual framework for analyzing language perception and semantic organization processes. In this work, the processing unit concept is characterized in the reading domain. Reading is viewed as processing information from written material on several levels in parallel. In order to describe the function of the processing unit, three levels are identified: the syntactic, the formalsemantic, and the factual levels, and their corresponding analysis units: the clause, the proposition, and the fact. The processing unit is characterized as a segment in the read text that includes all the information necessary for its interpretation in the context of this three-level set. The boundary of a processing unit is located at a point in the text where identification of complete analysis units at each one of the three levels is achieved. The method of identifying processing units is demonstrated by describing the processing steps in analysis of several example sentences.
... Croom Helm, London (1983). Kaufman, 1989. G. Kaufman , Learning styles of high-school student... more ... Croom Helm, London (1983). Kaufman, 1989. G. Kaufman , Learning styles of high-school students. , Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel (1989) Unpublished master's thesis . Kaufman, G. & E. Kozminsky. (in preparation). ... 413–431. Full Text via CrossRef. Selmes, 1985. ...
Educational and Psychological Measurement, Sep 1, 1988
A cross-language and a cross-culture validation of the Inventory of Learning Processes (ILP) is p... more A cross-language and a cross-culture validation of the Inventory of Learning Processes (ILP) is presented. Developed by Schmeck, Ribich, and Ramanaiah (1977), ILP was translated into Hebrew and administered to 302 undergraduate students at an Israeli university. A factor analysis of the data was compared to ILP's Deep Processing, Methodical Study, Fact Retention, and Elaborative Processing factors. There was a reasonable agreement between the two sets of factors. The internal consistency and intercorrelations among ILP factors were comparable to those of Schmeck et al. (1977) data, except one correlation. An analysis of ILP scales' scores revealed no sex differences, and the differences among student groups were comparable to other ILP studies. An item analysis indicated possible linguistic and cultural bias in several items of the inventory. Several characteristics of the missing data in this study were related to the serial position of the items in the inventory and to the students' sex and study year at the university. A reinterpretation of the factors was proposed in terms of encoding, retrieval, and internal processing styles.
... groups before and alter the intervention (standard deviations are in Experimental Conlrol I&#... more ... groups before and alter the intervention (standard deviations are in Experimental Conlrol I'acMan Dodge Em Horse Race No Game Mean Before 104.88 104.05 110.36 108.47 106.94 (12.37) ( 8.85) (12.19) (11.79) (1 1.43) Occasion After 11 7.41 115.50 113.00 . 110.58 114.14 ...
... These were also taken from scientific fields (`What are tides?') and culture (`Who w... more ... These were also taken from scientific fields (`What are tides?') and culture (`Who were the Aztecs?'). The students were asked to write out in brief what they knew of the concept. ... Reading strategies ability ... After reading each passage, the student was required ...
Acknowledgment. Contributors. Preface. Introduction (J.-F. Rouet et al.). Keynote Contributions. ... more Acknowledgment. Contributors. Preface. Introduction (J.-F. Rouet et al.). Keynote Contributions. Sign systems, technologies and the acquisition of knowledge (W. Schnotz). Document-based decision making (P. Wright). Integration of Texts and Graphics as a Psychological Process: Individual Skills and Strategies. The construction and the updating of a spatial mental model from text and map: effect of imagery and anchors (I. Tapiero). Can children process complex information from different media? (F. Guercin). Understanding information presented by complex animated diagrams (R. Lowe). Students' use of hypergraphic advising tools in a learning-by-doing system for electronic troubleshooting (S. Katz et al.). Using complex images in the popularisation of science: scientific or ideological agenda? (P. Clement). Student preference for verbal, graphic or symbolic information in an independent learning environment for an applied statistics course (H.M. Dekeyser). Optimising Media Integration in Computer-Support Learning Environments. Sequential display of pictures and its effect on memorization (M. Betrancourt et al.). The effect of segmentation plans of computer-based graphic organizers on their studying and reconstruction (E. Kozminsky, M. Asaf). Using a multimedia computer program to teach German as a second language (K. Steffens, R. Jedermann). Hypermedia for physics learning: the case of the energy concept (E. de Vries). Learning with a computer system: the learner's point of view (J.A.C. Sandberg, Y.F. Barnard). Postface. Designing multimedia systems for learning: some lessons and further issues (J.-F. Rouet). References. Index.
Abstract. The study investigated whether the use of concept mapping as a preparatory stage for id... more Abstract. The study investigated whether the use of concept mapping as a preparatory stage for identifying relevant information on a given research subject on the web, improves search results. In addition we analyzed the effects of the search process on the quality of inquiry projects, prepared by sixth graders. 78 students from three classes participated in the study. They were assigned to 27 small teams (about three students in a team) for the purpose of preparing inquiry projects. The teams, balanced across classes, were randomly assigned to three intervention groups. One group was instructed in preparing concept maps for the purpose of searching the web to find relevant documents. The second group was instructed in preparing lists for the search purpose. The third, control, was instructed in identifying main ideas of texts. All the groups searched on the web and found a similar amount of documents. The map and the list groups found better quality documents than the control. An a...
In this study, 24 9th-grade students investigated several issues related to modern Israeli societ... more In this study, 24 9th-grade students investigated several issues related to modern Israeli society. In their investigation, students were engaged in activities such as data search, data sorting, making inquiries, project writing, and construction of a new computerized database related to the subjects of their investigations. Students were encouraged to write personal reflection notes after each session throughout the five-month period of their work. Studying these reflections improves understanding of the way students think about themselves as learners, about the task's demands, and about strategies that are needed to deal with the demands. A tool for analyzing the reflections based on Flavell's metacognitive components is proposed. Replicas are analyzed according to 18 dimensions. This tool enables comparison of different patterns of reflections among students, as well as detection of dominant dimensions within the student's own protocols of reflection. (Contains 14 ref...
The paper describes the English Language Translation Program (LTP), as it is implemented in Israe... more The paper describes the English Language Translation Program (LTP), as it is implemented in Israeli high schools. It further discusses the results of an empirical study designed to evaluate the students' achievements following the program. The LTP is a two-year option for the 11th and 12th grades. In a two-hour weekly course they practice written translation from English (L2) into Hebrew (L1), and discuss textually relevant translation problems with the aim of increasing language awareness and developing language competence. Evaluation of the program at the end of 1994 indicated that the LTP students improved the metalanguage skills related to translation, and also gained 5 extra percentage points in the regular English matriculation exams at the end of grade 12, compared to the non-LTP controls. Administrative, pedagogical, and conceptual problems in implementing the program are discussed. In the last decade, certain aspects of translation have been introduced into the Israeli ...
The study investigated whether the use of concept mapping as a preparatory stage for identifying ... more The study investigated whether the use of concept mapping as a preparatory stage for identifying relevant information on a given research subject on the web, improves search results. In addition we analyzed the effects of the search process on the quality of inquiry projects, prepared by sixth graders. 78 students from three classes participated in the study. They were assigned to 27 small teams (about three students in a team) for the purpose of preparing inquiry projects. The teams, balanced across classes, were randomly assigned to three intervention groups. One group was instructed in preparing concept maps for the purpose of searching the web to find relevant documents. The second group was instructed in preparing lists for the search purpose. The third, control, was instructed in identifying main ideas of texts. All the groups searched on the web and found a similar amount of documents. The map and the list groups found better quality documents than the control. An advantage f...
Two studies examine the effect of the geometric forms of nodes of a concept map, presented prior ... more Two studies examine the effect of the geometric forms of nodes of a concept map, presented prior to reading a text, on its comprehension. In the first study we varied the map interface. 162 students received a concept map to study. The map was presented in one of five interfaces: two bi-form interfaces (ellipses for content and rectangles for structure concepts, and vice versa), two uniform interfaces (ellipses or rectangles node frames), or a concept map without frames. Then a text was given to study without the map, and a comprehension test followed. Three texts were studied. The results indicated no comprehension differences between the two bi-form groups and neither between the two uniform groups. The comprehension scores were higher for the bi-form compared with the uniform interface. The no frame interface received the lowest scores. Before and after studying the texts, the students ranked their preferences for the various map interfaces. The preferences were in concordance to...
In this study writing processes, performed using Word processing software, are portrayed and comp... more In this study writing processes, performed using Word processing software, are portrayed and compared to theories dealing with pen-and-paper writing. The writing processes of 40 female university students were logged and recorded. Dividing the processes into writing phases and hierarchically clustering writing patterns we find that writing with Word processors involves processes which are both common to pen-and-paper writing and unique to the computerized environment. Word processed writing can still be characterized as a recursive activity in which planning is dominant in its initial stages and revision in its final stages, nevertheless, after an intensive early planning stage, it also involves simultaneous micro planningtranslating-reviewing phases throughout the writing process. In addition, much of the revision performed is an editing of language errors immediately following the completion of words. Although such writing behavior is considered characteristic of novice writers, t...
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