Imperial hegemony established by the Habsburg Monarchy relied upon proper mapping during its conq... more Imperial hegemony established by the Habsburg Monarchy relied upon proper mapping during its conquests. The need for the development of geodesy and establishing reference frames was important. Until the end of the First World War, Vojvodina belonged to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, so all of its surveys were carried out as part of many organized land surveys in the Monarchy. Today, more than 100 years after Vojvodina became the Autonomous Province of Serbia, the network developed by the Monarchy and cadastral plans from that period are still in use. In this paper, in addition to a historical overview of military and cadastral surveys in Vojvodina, we will show data that have historical significance and are available on the Internet and in historical archives. We will also emphasize how the maps available in historical archives of the neighbouring countries could have been used to set up Serbian national spatial data infrastructure.
Збирка задатака написана је сагласно плану и програму предмета ФИЗИЧКА ГЕОДЕЗИЈА на дипломским, о... more Збирка задатака написана је сагласно плану и програму предмета ФИЗИЧКА ГЕОДЕЗИЈА на дипломским, односно мастер студијама, смер Геодезија, Грађевинског факултета Универзитета у Београду, са циљем да се у што већој мери релативно компликовани прорачуни приближе студентима. Збирка садржи укупно 14 задатака при чему сваки од њих представља само један део процеса одређивања геоида. Сви задаци су урађени на основу реалног скупа података који су у релативно дугом временском периоду прикупљани од стране многих институција у Србији
In the last few years several solutions for gravimetric geoid/quasigeoid for the territory of Ser... more In the last few years several solutions for gravimetric geoid/quasigeoid for the territory of Serbia were determined. All the solutions meant usage of remove-restore method applying a) detailed gravimetric survey b) appropriate global geopotential model and c) digital terrain model. After determining gravimetric solutions it is necessary to perform their transformation into the system of orthometric i.e. normal heights of high precision leveling network to enable their practical usage in topographic survey. In this paperwork the way of transforming a preliminary gravimetric geoid into the system of orthometric leveling heights of Serbia network is presented
This paper presents the evaluation and comparison test of a series of global geopotential models ... more This paper presents the evaluation and comparison test of a series of global geopotential models (GGM) using available terrestrial data over the territory of Montenegro. Using the model of Gravity Observation Combination 02S and 03S (G00002S and GOCO03S) with three different approaches (space-wise approach, time-wise approach, and direct approach) as well as the model of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM08) and Earth Gravitational Model 1996 (EGM96) the anomalies of free air at 1293 points of gravimetric survey of Montenegro were determined; as well as the height anomalies at 46 points for which the discreet values of height anomalies are known. The discreet values of height anomalies were calculated as differences between orthometric heights, determined by high precision levelling and the ellipsoidal heights determined by the global positioning system (GPS/dh); and at the points of gravimetric survey of Montenegro, the free air anomalies related to the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) and to the International Gravity Standardization Net 1971 (IGSN71) were determined. The data used in this paper are the data of gravimetric survey of former Socialistic Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, and the data of the height anomalies discreet values are data collected in March 2015 for further scientific research, particularly for geoid/quasigeoid determination for Montenegro
The paper provides an overview of height and gravity reference systems of Europe and a brief desc... more The paper provides an overview of height and gravity reference systems of Europe and a brief description of their implementation. For each system we have given definitions of the system, as well as changes in definitions over time. In paper we have briefly described European Vertical Reference System-EVRS, United European Leveling Network-UELN, European Vertical Reference Network as well as densification action - EUVN_DA. Gravimetric reference systems are described by the Potsdam reference system, through a system IGSN71 (International Gravity Standardization Network 1971), as well as a series of actions aimed at defining a new gravity reference systems of Europe.U radu je dat pregled visinskih i gravimetrijskih referentnih sistema Evrope i kratak opis njihovih realizacija. U opisu svakog sistema date su definicije sistema, kao i promene definicija u vremenu. U pogledu visinskih sistema i mreža dati su kratki opisi EVROPSKOG VERTIKALNOG REFERENTNOG SISTEMA (European Vertical Referen...
Within this paper, we evaluated the quality of three Global Geopotential Models entitled: EGM96,E... more Within this paper, we evaluated the quality of three Global Geopotential Models entitled: EGM96,EGM2008, and GOCO05c. The models were evaluated by using 1001 terrestrial discrete values ofheight anomalies determined by Global Navigation Satellite Systems and normal heights, which weconsidered to be true values within this research. In addition to the quality evaluation, we tailoredthe models by using more than 80000 free air anomalies. The results obtained from the evaluationand tailoring indicate that by using the GOCO05c it is possible to determine a set of anomaly heightsacross Serbia, which are in agreement with terrestrial values with an average value of -7 cm, thestandard deviation of ±9 cm and with the range of 44 cm.
This study compares a series of global geopotential models (GGMs) using available terrestrial dat... more This study compares a series of global geopotential models (GGMs) using available terrestrial data from the territory of Libya. The anomalies of free air were determined in points of gravimetric survey of Libya by using the model of European Improved Gravity 6C2 (EIGEN-6C2), the model of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008), as well as model of the Earth Gravitational Model 1996 (EGM96). The points of gravimetric survey of Libya are related to International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2000), Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80), International Gravity Standardization Net 1971 (IGSN71) and the levelling network of Libya. Free air anomalies were evaluated at the points of gravimetric survey. Along with all mentioned above the results gained by using said models were separately compared with the data obtained by using the Earth Gravitational Model (EGM96).
The existing Bouguer anomaly map, which covers the territory of the Republic of Slovenia is a few... more The existing Bouguer anomaly map, which covers the territory of the Republic of Slovenia is a few decades old. Since then, quite a few new gravimetric measurements (data) for the territory of Slovenia as well as high quality digital terrain models that are needed for creating such a map have been made available. The methodology and standards for creating gravity anomaly maps are also changing. Thus, the national Bouguer anomaly map was updated. There were some gross errors detected in the set of old gravimetric data. Additionally, the influence of new updated gravimetric data was analyzed. The comparison of the various maps and the analysis of the influence of input gravimetric data indicates that the new gravimetric data of Slovenia has a significant influence on the creation of the gravimetric anomaly maps for Slovenia (even over 30 mGals at some points).
This paper presents an attempt to consider whether it is possible to determine a geoid at the cen... more This paper presents an attempt to consider whether it is possible to determine a geoid at the centimetre level in the territory of Egypt based on recently available global and local gravity field data. The paper has two main objectives. Firstly, the paper overviews previously published geoid solutions, while the second objective investigates the performance of the recent global geopotential models (GGM) in Egypt. The existing geoid solutions have illustrated that there is an insufficient distribution of data which is sampled inconsistently. At this time, data deficiency still exists, and to overcome it, we have selected a "data window" and applied the Least Square Collocation (LSC) technique. The outcome from LSC was interesting and acceptable, and we obtained a "sample" geoid that has a standard deviation of 11 cm for the external control points.
Geodetic reference systems and their realization at the territory of Serbia have been created and... more Geodetic reference systems and their realization at the territory of Serbia have been created and maintained since the end of 19th century. Until mid-80s a series of reference geodetic networks were established: trigonometric networks in four orders, two levelling networks of high accuracybut also a series of gravimetric networks. In the following period of 20 years, there were not any organized worksaiming to maintenance of existing networks and creating new ones. In 1996, works started again on developing a new geodetic infrastructure in the form of realizing: a passive geodetic network, a network of permanent stations (AGROS – the active geodetic reference network of Serbia) as well as basic gravimetric networks. In this paperwork, a short review of works aiming to establish and use said networks is given but also a series of suggestions for a future development of geodetic infrastructure of Serbia
Imperial hegemony established by the Habsburg Monarchy relied upon proper mapping during its conq... more Imperial hegemony established by the Habsburg Monarchy relied upon proper mapping during its conquests. The need for the development of geodesy and establishing reference frames was important. Until the end of the First World War, Vojvodina belonged to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, so all of its surveys were carried out as part of many organized land surveys in the Monarchy. Today, more than 100 years after Vojvodina became the Autonomous Province of Serbia, the network developed by the Monarchy and cadastral plans from that period are still in use. In this paper, in addition to a historical overview of military and cadastral surveys in Vojvodina, we will show data that have historical significance and are available on the Internet and in historical archives. We will also emphasize how the maps available in historical archives of the neighbouring countries could have been used to set up Serbian national spatial data infrastructure.
Збирка задатака написана је сагласно плану и програму предмета ФИЗИЧКА ГЕОДЕЗИЈА на дипломским, о... more Збирка задатака написана је сагласно плану и програму предмета ФИЗИЧКА ГЕОДЕЗИЈА на дипломским, односно мастер студијама, смер Геодезија, Грађевинског факултета Универзитета у Београду, са циљем да се у што већој мери релативно компликовани прорачуни приближе студентима. Збирка садржи укупно 14 задатака при чему сваки од њих представља само један део процеса одређивања геоида. Сви задаци су урађени на основу реалног скупа података који су у релативно дугом временском периоду прикупљани од стране многих институција у Србији
In the last few years several solutions for gravimetric geoid/quasigeoid for the territory of Ser... more In the last few years several solutions for gravimetric geoid/quasigeoid for the territory of Serbia were determined. All the solutions meant usage of remove-restore method applying a) detailed gravimetric survey b) appropriate global geopotential model and c) digital terrain model. After determining gravimetric solutions it is necessary to perform their transformation into the system of orthometric i.e. normal heights of high precision leveling network to enable their practical usage in topographic survey. In this paperwork the way of transforming a preliminary gravimetric geoid into the system of orthometric leveling heights of Serbia network is presented
This paper presents the evaluation and comparison test of a series of global geopotential models ... more This paper presents the evaluation and comparison test of a series of global geopotential models (GGM) using available terrestrial data over the territory of Montenegro. Using the model of Gravity Observation Combination 02S and 03S (G00002S and GOCO03S) with three different approaches (space-wise approach, time-wise approach, and direct approach) as well as the model of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM08) and Earth Gravitational Model 1996 (EGM96) the anomalies of free air at 1293 points of gravimetric survey of Montenegro were determined; as well as the height anomalies at 46 points for which the discreet values of height anomalies are known. The discreet values of height anomalies were calculated as differences between orthometric heights, determined by high precision levelling and the ellipsoidal heights determined by the global positioning system (GPS/dh); and at the points of gravimetric survey of Montenegro, the free air anomalies related to the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) and to the International Gravity Standardization Net 1971 (IGSN71) were determined. The data used in this paper are the data of gravimetric survey of former Socialistic Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, and the data of the height anomalies discreet values are data collected in March 2015 for further scientific research, particularly for geoid/quasigeoid determination for Montenegro
The paper provides an overview of height and gravity reference systems of Europe and a brief desc... more The paper provides an overview of height and gravity reference systems of Europe and a brief description of their implementation. For each system we have given definitions of the system, as well as changes in definitions over time. In paper we have briefly described European Vertical Reference System-EVRS, United European Leveling Network-UELN, European Vertical Reference Network as well as densification action - EUVN_DA. Gravimetric reference systems are described by the Potsdam reference system, through a system IGSN71 (International Gravity Standardization Network 1971), as well as a series of actions aimed at defining a new gravity reference systems of Europe.U radu je dat pregled visinskih i gravimetrijskih referentnih sistema Evrope i kratak opis njihovih realizacija. U opisu svakog sistema date su definicije sistema, kao i promene definicija u vremenu. U pogledu visinskih sistema i mreža dati su kratki opisi EVROPSKOG VERTIKALNOG REFERENTNOG SISTEMA (European Vertical Referen...
Within this paper, we evaluated the quality of three Global Geopotential Models entitled: EGM96,E... more Within this paper, we evaluated the quality of three Global Geopotential Models entitled: EGM96,EGM2008, and GOCO05c. The models were evaluated by using 1001 terrestrial discrete values ofheight anomalies determined by Global Navigation Satellite Systems and normal heights, which weconsidered to be true values within this research. In addition to the quality evaluation, we tailoredthe models by using more than 80000 free air anomalies. The results obtained from the evaluationand tailoring indicate that by using the GOCO05c it is possible to determine a set of anomaly heightsacross Serbia, which are in agreement with terrestrial values with an average value of -7 cm, thestandard deviation of ±9 cm and with the range of 44 cm.
This study compares a series of global geopotential models (GGMs) using available terrestrial dat... more This study compares a series of global geopotential models (GGMs) using available terrestrial data from the territory of Libya. The anomalies of free air were determined in points of gravimetric survey of Libya by using the model of European Improved Gravity 6C2 (EIGEN-6C2), the model of the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM2008), as well as model of the Earth Gravitational Model 1996 (EGM96). The points of gravimetric survey of Libya are related to International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2000), Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80), International Gravity Standardization Net 1971 (IGSN71) and the levelling network of Libya. Free air anomalies were evaluated at the points of gravimetric survey. Along with all mentioned above the results gained by using said models were separately compared with the data obtained by using the Earth Gravitational Model (EGM96).
The existing Bouguer anomaly map, which covers the territory of the Republic of Slovenia is a few... more The existing Bouguer anomaly map, which covers the territory of the Republic of Slovenia is a few decades old. Since then, quite a few new gravimetric measurements (data) for the territory of Slovenia as well as high quality digital terrain models that are needed for creating such a map have been made available. The methodology and standards for creating gravity anomaly maps are also changing. Thus, the national Bouguer anomaly map was updated. There were some gross errors detected in the set of old gravimetric data. Additionally, the influence of new updated gravimetric data was analyzed. The comparison of the various maps and the analysis of the influence of input gravimetric data indicates that the new gravimetric data of Slovenia has a significant influence on the creation of the gravimetric anomaly maps for Slovenia (even over 30 mGals at some points).
This paper presents an attempt to consider whether it is possible to determine a geoid at the cen... more This paper presents an attempt to consider whether it is possible to determine a geoid at the centimetre level in the territory of Egypt based on recently available global and local gravity field data. The paper has two main objectives. Firstly, the paper overviews previously published geoid solutions, while the second objective investigates the performance of the recent global geopotential models (GGM) in Egypt. The existing geoid solutions have illustrated that there is an insufficient distribution of data which is sampled inconsistently. At this time, data deficiency still exists, and to overcome it, we have selected a "data window" and applied the Least Square Collocation (LSC) technique. The outcome from LSC was interesting and acceptable, and we obtained a "sample" geoid that has a standard deviation of 11 cm for the external control points.
Geodetic reference systems and their realization at the territory of Serbia have been created and... more Geodetic reference systems and their realization at the territory of Serbia have been created and maintained since the end of 19th century. Until mid-80s a series of reference geodetic networks were established: trigonometric networks in four orders, two levelling networks of high accuracybut also a series of gravimetric networks. In the following period of 20 years, there were not any organized worksaiming to maintenance of existing networks and creating new ones. In 1996, works started again on developing a new geodetic infrastructure in the form of realizing: a passive geodetic network, a network of permanent stations (AGROS – the active geodetic reference network of Serbia) as well as basic gravimetric networks. In this paperwork, a short review of works aiming to establish and use said networks is given but also a series of suggestions for a future development of geodetic infrastructure of Serbia
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