Good health is positively related to children’s educational outcomes, but relationships may not b... more Good health is positively related to children’s educational outcomes, but relationships may not be causal. Demonstrating a causal influence would strongly support childhood and adolescent health as important for education policy. We applied genetic causal inference methods to assess the causal relationship of common health conditions at age 10 (primary/elementary school) and 13 (mid-secondary/mid-high school) with educational attainment at 16 and school absence at 14–16. Participants were 6113 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Exposures were symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), depression, asthma, migraines and BMI. Genetic liability for these conditions and BMI was indexed by polygenic scores. In non-genetic, multivariate-adjusted models, all health conditions except asthma and migraines were associated with poorer attainment and greater school absence. School absence substantially med...
Grammar schools are secondary schools that select pupils based on their performance on a test at ... more Grammar schools are secondary schools that select pupils based on their performance on a test at age 11 - those pupils above a certain threshold attend state-funded grammar schools, while those below the threshold attend state-funded comprehensive or secondary modern schools depending on the area (with the other alternatives being religious or private schools). Inequalities exist in who attains places at grammar schools by socio-economic status, with more disadvantaged children far less likely to attend a grammar school that their more advantaged peers. This is true even when comparing those with similar levels of academic achievement. Numerous factors contribute to this inequality in access, many of which will be exacerbated during the current COVID-19 pandemic. This briefing note summarises the empirical evidence on socio-economic inequalities in who goes to grammar schools, the drivers behind these, and some implications, including the likely impact of the current school closures...
The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research ... more The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center
With these practices, primary care physicians can stand out from competitors to not only attract ... more With these practices, primary care physicians can stand out from competitors to not only attract patients but retain them.
The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research ... more The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center
The Centre for Market and Public Organisation (CMPO) is a leading research centre, combining expe... more The Centre for Market and Public Organisation (CMPO) is a leading research centre, combining expertise in economics, geography and law. Our objective is to study the intersection between the public and private sectors of the economy, and in particular to understand the right way to organise and deliver public services. The Centre aims to develop research, contribute to the public debate and inform policy-making. CMPO, now an ESRC Research Centre was established in 1998 with two large grants from The Leverhulme Trust. In 2004 we were awarded ESRC Research Centre status, and CMPO now combines core funding from both the ESRC and the Trust.
It is common to analyse poverty data broken down by household or economic status. Implicitly, it ... more It is common to analyse poverty data broken down by household or economic status. Implicitly, it is assumed that people change state (for example, single, married, children, no children) for exogenous reasons. If we bring economic behaviour into the problem, then such transitions become endogenous. The data are then insufficient to identify the claims made from them. The distribution of the characteristics of the individuals in the states will be endogenous, and the state average poverty rate will depend on the composition of the individuals in the state as well as on the economic impact of being in that state per se. In this paper, we set out a simple model with endogenous transitions to make our point, and apply this to Family Expenditure Survey data for Britain. We show that our argument has empirical content for Britain. *The authors are grateful to the following for very helpful comments: Arnstein Aassve, Karen
This paper addresses the question of whether starting formal education part-time at age 3 has a p... more This paper addresses the question of whether starting formal education part-time at age 3 has a positive effect on children’s academic attainment when they reach age 7, and whether this depends on the sector providing this early education. Using a panel of English Local Education Authorities I initially utilise the fact that mandatory provision of free early education for 3-year olds was introduced at different times according to the deprivation of the LEA and then estimate effects separately for more and less deprived LEAs. Exploiting the time dimension of the panel dataset, I am able to control for unobserved heterogeneity at the LEA level that may confound estimates from other British cohort studies which rely primarily on cross-sectional variation. The main finding is that early education in public sector nursery and primary schools in more deprived LEAs has a small positive effect – approximately 1/3 of a standard deviation of the results distribution – on attainment in reading...
The focus of most of the current literature on public-private pay inequality is on differences in... more The focus of most of the current literature on public-private pay inequality is on differences in earnings levels, however the public-private differences are equally marked in terms of earnings mobility, earnings dispersion and job loss risk. Forward-looking agents care about earnings and job mobility as well as earnings levels, thus an assessment of the existence of a “public premium ” should be based on measures of the lifetime value of employment in either sector. Using data from the European Community Household Panel survey, we evaluate the difference in lifetime value of employment in the public and private sector, taking into account differences in average earnings, earnings dispersion and earnings persistence. In addition to considering the effect of observed individual characteristics, such as education and labour market experience, the estimation strategy allows for unobserved heterogeneity – for example in terms of “public service motivation ” – to influence the dynamics o...
longitudinal data. ISER incorporates the following centres: • ESRC Research Centre on Micro-socia... more longitudinal data. ISER incorporates the following centres: • ESRC Research Centre on Micro-social Change. Established in 1989 to identify, explain, model and forecast social change in Britain at the individual and household level, the Centre specialises in research using longitudinal data. • ESRC UK Longitudinal Studies Centre. A national resource centre for promoting longitudinal research and for the design, management and support of longitudinal surveys. It was established by the ESRC as independent centre in 1999. It has responsibility for the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). • European Centre for Analysis in the Social Sciences. ECASS is an interdisciplinary research centre which hosts major research programmes and helps researchers from the EU gain access to longitudinal data and cross-national datasets from all over Europe. The British Household Panel Survey is one of the main instruments for measuring social change in Britain. The BHPS comprises a nationally representa...
The Centre for Market and Public Organisation (CMPO) is a leading research centre, combining expe... more The Centre for Market and Public Organisation (CMPO) is a leading research centre, combining expertise in economics, geography and law. Our objective is to study the intersection between the public and private sectors of the economy, and in particular to understand the right way to organise and deliver public services. The Centre aims to develop research, contribute to the public debate and inform policy-making. CMPO, now an ESRC Research Centre was established in 1998 with two large grants from The Leverhulme Trust. In 2004 we were awarded ESRC Research Centre status, and CMPO now combines core funding from both the ESRC and the
This paper argues that much interpretation of standard poverty data is flawed. It is common to an... more This paper argues that much interpretation of standard poverty data is flawed. It is common to analyse poverty data broken down by household or economic status. Implicitly it is assumed that people move between different states (for example, single, married, children, no children, etc.) for exogenous reasons. If we allow some economic behaviour into the problem, then such transitions become endogenous and this has implications for modelling. The data are then insufficient to identify the claims made from them. Given that transitions between such states depend on individual characteristics and the parameters of the processes, then the distribution of the characteristics of the individuals in the states will be endogenous. The state average poverty rate will depend on the composition of the individuals in the state as well as the economic impact of being in that state per se. In this paper we (i) illustrate that this analysis is wide-spread among academic work and policy-makers; (ii) ...
Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published i... more Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the intereste...
Good health is positively related to children’s educational outcomes, but relationships may not b... more Good health is positively related to children’s educational outcomes, but relationships may not be causal. Demonstrating a causal influence would strongly support childhood and adolescent health as important for education policy. We applied genetic causal inference methods to assess the causal relationship of common health conditions at age 10 (primary/elementary school) and 13 (mid-secondary/mid-high school) with educational attainment at 16 and school absence at 14–16. Participants were 6113 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). Exposures were symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), depression, asthma, migraines and BMI. Genetic liability for these conditions and BMI was indexed by polygenic scores. In non-genetic, multivariate-adjusted models, all health conditions except asthma and migraines were associated with poorer attainment and greater school absence. School absence substantially med...
Grammar schools are secondary schools that select pupils based on their performance on a test at ... more Grammar schools are secondary schools that select pupils based on their performance on a test at age 11 - those pupils above a certain threshold attend state-funded grammar schools, while those below the threshold attend state-funded comprehensive or secondary modern schools depending on the area (with the other alternatives being religious or private schools). Inequalities exist in who attains places at grammar schools by socio-economic status, with more disadvantaged children far less likely to attend a grammar school that their more advantaged peers. This is true even when comparing those with similar levels of academic achievement. Numerous factors contribute to this inequality in access, many of which will be exacerbated during the current COVID-19 pandemic. This briefing note summarises the empirical evidence on socio-economic inequalities in who goes to grammar schools, the drivers behind these, and some implications, including the likely impact of the current school closures...
The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research ... more The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center
With these practices, primary care physicians can stand out from competitors to not only attract ... more With these practices, primary care physicians can stand out from competitors to not only attract patients but retain them.
The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research ... more The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center
The Centre for Market and Public Organisation (CMPO) is a leading research centre, combining expe... more The Centre for Market and Public Organisation (CMPO) is a leading research centre, combining expertise in economics, geography and law. Our objective is to study the intersection between the public and private sectors of the economy, and in particular to understand the right way to organise and deliver public services. The Centre aims to develop research, contribute to the public debate and inform policy-making. CMPO, now an ESRC Research Centre was established in 1998 with two large grants from The Leverhulme Trust. In 2004 we were awarded ESRC Research Centre status, and CMPO now combines core funding from both the ESRC and the Trust.
It is common to analyse poverty data broken down by household or economic status. Implicitly, it ... more It is common to analyse poverty data broken down by household or economic status. Implicitly, it is assumed that people change state (for example, single, married, children, no children) for exogenous reasons. If we bring economic behaviour into the problem, then such transitions become endogenous. The data are then insufficient to identify the claims made from them. The distribution of the characteristics of the individuals in the states will be endogenous, and the state average poverty rate will depend on the composition of the individuals in the state as well as on the economic impact of being in that state per se. In this paper, we set out a simple model with endogenous transitions to make our point, and apply this to Family Expenditure Survey data for Britain. We show that our argument has empirical content for Britain. *The authors are grateful to the following for very helpful comments: Arnstein Aassve, Karen
This paper addresses the question of whether starting formal education part-time at age 3 has a p... more This paper addresses the question of whether starting formal education part-time at age 3 has a positive effect on children’s academic attainment when they reach age 7, and whether this depends on the sector providing this early education. Using a panel of English Local Education Authorities I initially utilise the fact that mandatory provision of free early education for 3-year olds was introduced at different times according to the deprivation of the LEA and then estimate effects separately for more and less deprived LEAs. Exploiting the time dimension of the panel dataset, I am able to control for unobserved heterogeneity at the LEA level that may confound estimates from other British cohort studies which rely primarily on cross-sectional variation. The main finding is that early education in public sector nursery and primary schools in more deprived LEAs has a small positive effect – approximately 1/3 of a standard deviation of the results distribution – on attainment in reading...
The focus of most of the current literature on public-private pay inequality is on differences in... more The focus of most of the current literature on public-private pay inequality is on differences in earnings levels, however the public-private differences are equally marked in terms of earnings mobility, earnings dispersion and job loss risk. Forward-looking agents care about earnings and job mobility as well as earnings levels, thus an assessment of the existence of a “public premium ” should be based on measures of the lifetime value of employment in either sector. Using data from the European Community Household Panel survey, we evaluate the difference in lifetime value of employment in the public and private sector, taking into account differences in average earnings, earnings dispersion and earnings persistence. In addition to considering the effect of observed individual characteristics, such as education and labour market experience, the estimation strategy allows for unobserved heterogeneity – for example in terms of “public service motivation ” – to influence the dynamics o...
longitudinal data. ISER incorporates the following centres: • ESRC Research Centre on Micro-socia... more longitudinal data. ISER incorporates the following centres: • ESRC Research Centre on Micro-social Change. Established in 1989 to identify, explain, model and forecast social change in Britain at the individual and household level, the Centre specialises in research using longitudinal data. • ESRC UK Longitudinal Studies Centre. A national resource centre for promoting longitudinal research and for the design, management and support of longitudinal surveys. It was established by the ESRC as independent centre in 1999. It has responsibility for the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). • European Centre for Analysis in the Social Sciences. ECASS is an interdisciplinary research centre which hosts major research programmes and helps researchers from the EU gain access to longitudinal data and cross-national datasets from all over Europe. The British Household Panel Survey is one of the main instruments for measuring social change in Britain. The BHPS comprises a nationally representa...
The Centre for Market and Public Organisation (CMPO) is a leading research centre, combining expe... more The Centre for Market and Public Organisation (CMPO) is a leading research centre, combining expertise in economics, geography and law. Our objective is to study the intersection between the public and private sectors of the economy, and in particular to understand the right way to organise and deliver public services. The Centre aims to develop research, contribute to the public debate and inform policy-making. CMPO, now an ESRC Research Centre was established in 1998 with two large grants from The Leverhulme Trust. In 2004 we were awarded ESRC Research Centre status, and CMPO now combines core funding from both the ESRC and the
This paper argues that much interpretation of standard poverty data is flawed. It is common to an... more This paper argues that much interpretation of standard poverty data is flawed. It is common to analyse poverty data broken down by household or economic status. Implicitly it is assumed that people move between different states (for example, single, married, children, no children, etc.) for exogenous reasons. If we allow some economic behaviour into the problem, then such transitions become endogenous and this has implications for modelling. The data are then insufficient to identify the claims made from them. Given that transitions between such states depend on individual characteristics and the parameters of the processes, then the distribution of the characteristics of the individuals in the states will be endogenous. The state average poverty rate will depend on the composition of the individuals in the state as well as the economic impact of being in that state per se. In this paper we (i) illustrate that this analysis is wide-spread among academic work and policy-makers; (ii) ...
Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published i... more Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post Foundation. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the intereste...
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