This article examines the relations between religion-state and religion- politics in democratic, ... more This article examines the relations between religion-state and religion- politics in democratic, authoritarian and transitional political regimes. As it is known, various political structures have been developed in the world that regulate the religion-state relations and determine the religious policy of the state. In this sense, it can be said that the political regime and the state's religious policy are in close interaction. The main argument of our article dealing with this issue is that, the purpose and main factors of the state's religious policy differ depending on the nature of the political regime. Thus, the main purpose of the religious policy of liberal-democratic regimes is to ensure freedom of religious belief. The regulation of religion-state relations in this direction appears in liberal-secular model. In transitional societies, there are many restrictions and prohibitions regarding freedom of religious belief. In these cases, the priority of the state's religious policy is to ensure social stability and security. In authoritarian regimes, the religious policy of the state becomes the means of the ruling elites' private interests and pursuit of legitimacy, instead of ensuring the constitutional rights of the citizens. Thus, the article emphasizes the importance of analyzing religion-politics relations from this perspective by showing the difference of religious policies depending on characteristics of political regimes.
Din araşdırmaları jurnalı / Journal of Religious Studies, 2021
This article examines the process of globalization and the various aspects
of the relationship be... more This article examines the process of globalization and the various aspects of the relationship between religions and globalization on the basis of sociological theories. The study begins with the analysis of the process of globalization, and and demonstrates the effects of globalization on religion that have a variety of implications. First of all, the author argues that world religions are not limited to one nation or region and strive for globalization. Thus, the main messages of world religions are global. Then author claims that the process of globalization has important implications for religion; In the global era, religious pluralism relatively reduces the social importance of religion and accelerates the process of secularization. On the other hand, religion continues to meet the psychological and spiritual needs of people, that is, religion has an individual character and maintains its importance in the modern world. In the end, it is shown that in some cases, religion, acting from a conservative position, plays a barrier to cultural globalization, in other words, Westernization. Thus, religion is the main defender of local cultures, community interests and national identity.
This article deals with the study of the mutual influence between religion
and social change from... more This article deals with the study of the mutual influence between religion and social change from a sociological point of view. The topic of religion and social change, as one of the actual problems of the sociology of religion, has attracted the attention of social scientists and various works have appeared in this field. The purpose of this study is to review researches on the relationship between religion and social change and to analyze objectively the topic on the basis of sociological theories and historical facts. The article, first of all, explains the concept of social change in sociological thought. It is noted that social change is not a temporary and formal change, but a permanent change in the socio-cultural system. The interaction of religion with such system changes is multifaceted and complex. The author analyzes the relationship between religion and social change from three aspects: religion as an obstacle to social change, religion as a cause of social change and the impact of social change on religion. First of all, it has been concluded that religion can rarely interfere with social change, but this is usually due to the activities of an organized clergy. Thus, the founders of religion and reformists are usually trying to implement changes and innovations. The topic of religion as a cause of social change is also an important issue. In this regard, the author gives various examples of how religion promotes social change on the basis of concrete historical facts. In respect of the impact of social change on religion, it is noted that due to legal, political, socio-cultural changes in society, it is undeniable that various changes and reforms have taken place in both the organizational structure and doctrines of religions.
XÜLASƏ
Bu məqalədə Çar Rusiyası dövründə Azərbaycanda din və dövlət münasibətləri araşdırılır. Mü... more XÜLASƏ Bu məqalədə Çar Rusiyası dövründə Azərbaycanda din və dövlət münasibətləri araşdırılır. Müəllif Çar hakimiyyətinin Azərbaycanda din siyasətinin əsas istiqamətlərini işıqlandırır, yeni dövrün ortaya qoyduğu çağırışları və yaratdığı imkanları şərh edir. Qeyd olunur ki, bu dövrdə siyasi və mədəni təzyiqlərə baxmayaq, Azərbaycan xalqı milli-mənəvi dəyərlərini qoruyub saxlamış, mədəni və siyasi tərəqqi baxımından yeni mərhələyə qədəm qoymuş, yeni tipli tədris müəssisələri yaradılmış, müstəqil dövlətçilik ideologiyasının inkişafında mühüm addımlar atılmışdır. Məhz bu dövrdə Azərbaycanın mütərəqqi ziyalıları milli və dünyəvi dövlətçilik ənənəsinin əsasını qoymuşlar.
SUMMARY This article examines the relationship between religion and state in Azerbaijan during Tsarist Russia. The author highlights the main directions of the Tsarist government's religious policy in Azerbaijan, discusses the challenges and opportunities created by the new era. It is noted that despite political and cultural pressures, the Azerbaijani people have preserved their national and moral values, entered a new stage in terms of cultural and political progress, created new types of educational institutions and taken important steps in developing the ideology of independent statehood. It was during this period that the progressive intellectuals of Azerbaijan laid the foundation of the tradition of national and secular statehood.
Din Araşdırmaları Jurnalı / Journal of Religious Studies, 2019
Abstract
This article deals with the relationships between religion and modernity in theoretical ... more Abstract This article deals with the relationships between religion and modernity in theoretical perspective which is one of the actual problems of sociology of religion. The main purpose of the article is to identify the effects of the modernization process and postmodernism on religion. Therefore, in first place, the main features of modern society - rationalization, individualism, industrialization, institutional differentiation processes have been explored, as well as examined the effects of modernization on religion in multidimensional aspects. The process of modernization consists of a transition from a traditional agrarian society to a modern industrial society, as well as a combination of technological, economic, social, cultural and political changes that aimed at the modernization of the sociopolitical system. In general, four aspects of the effects of modernization on religion are distinguished: secularization, adaptation, conservatism and innovation. The secularization of society, which means the decline of religion, is merely one aspect of the relationship between religion and modernity, so society's modernization does not necessarily result in the loss of importance of religion in modern society. It is also worth noting that the development of postmodernist thought in modern world creates new opportunities for religious and mystical ideas that are not based on rational and accurate scientific methods. Thus, religious beliefs are gradually beginning to revive as an alternative worldview in postmodern society. РЕЗЮМЕ В данной статье рассматриваются отношения между религией и современностью в теоретической перспективе которая является одной из важнейших проблем социологии религии. Основная цель статьи - выявить влияние процесса модернизации и постмодернизма на религию. Поэтому, в первую очередь, были исследованы основные черты современного общества - рационализация, индивидуализм, индустриализация, процессы институциональной дифференциации, а также исследовано влияние модернизации на религию в многомерных аспектах. Процесс модернизации состоит из перехода от традиционного аграрного общества к современному индустриальному обществу, а также комбинация технологических, экономических, социальных, культурных и политических изменений, направленных на модернизацию социально-политической системы. В целом различают четыре аспекта влияния модернизации на религию: секуляризация, адаптация, консерватизм и инновации. Секуляризация общества, что означает снижения роли религии, является лишь одним из аспектов отношений между религией и современностью, поэтому модернизация общества не обязательно приводит к снижениe важности религии в современном обществе. Стоит также отметить, что развитие постмодернизма в современном мире создает новые возможности для религиозных и мистических идей, которые не основаны на рациональных и точных научных методах. Таким образом, религиозные верования постепенно начинают возрождаться как альтернативное мировоззрение в постмодернистском обществе.
BDU İlahiyyat Fakültəsinin Elmi Məcmuəsi, Jun 2018
Asaf Ganbarov.
Religios Groups: Their Types, Structures And Characteristics
SUMMARY
This artic... more Asaf Ganbarov. Religios Groups: Their Types, Structures And Characteristics
SUMMARY
This article deal with the subject of religious groups according to Sociology of Religion. Religious groups, their different types and characteristics are the important topics of Sociology of Religion. Religious groups generally are smaller and distinct movements within religions and they rarely seek separation from mainstream religious community. They have two main types: natural religious groups and pure religious groups and all these groups have specific beliefs and different practices that have been examined in this article.
Асаф ГАНБАРОВ.
РЕЛИГИОЗНЫЕ ГРУППЫ: ИХ ТИПЫ, СТРУКТУРЫ И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
РЕЗЮМЕ
В этой статье рассматривается предмет религиозных групп по социологии религии. Религиозные группы, их различные типы и характеристики являются важными темами социологии религии. Религиозные группы, как правило, представляют собой меньшие и отдельные движения в религиях, и они редко ищут отделения от основной религиозной общины. Они имеют два основных типа: естественные религиозные группы и чистые религиозные группы, и все эти группы имеют конкретные убеждения и различные практики, которые были рассмотрены в этой статье.
The Journal of Religious Studies / Din Araşdırmaları Jurnalı, Dec 25, 2018
ABSTRACT
This article deals with formation and ideological foundations of religious fundamentali... more ABSTRACT
This article deals with formation and ideological foundations of religious fundamentalism and radicalism in the context of Christianity and Islam. Although, religious fundamentalism arose as a Christian evangelical movement, then it was used for other religious movements, which have similar characteristics. The association of Islamic religious movements with fundamentalism has led to controversies. Because, Islam is different from the Christian evangelism in terms of its specific religious teachings and organizational structure. Since the innerancy of Bible, literalism, the historical factuality of Biblical narratives and other fundamentalist ideas represent marginal approaches in the Christian tradition. However, in Islam it is impossible to approach the main sources of religion – Qur`an and Sunnah in the same way. Because, the vast majority of Muslims believe that the sacred texts of Islam have not changed over time, and contain true and accurate historical information. Nevertheless, religious movements that attracted attention with their political activity, have been labeled as political Islam or Islamic activism. These include mainly religious movements based on the political and religious ideologies of Seyyid Qutb, Mawdudi and Ayatollah Khomeini. Political Islam, at the same time, had a certain impact on the emergence of radical religious movements.
KEYWORDS: fundamentalism, religious radicalism, holy war, evangelism, political Islam.
The article deals with secularization and its connection with modernism. In 19th century some thi... more The article deals with secularization and its connection with modernism. In 19th century some thinkers assumed that the modernization process will produce more secular world and finally the religion will disappear from society at all. But this assumption have not realized yet. In the most corners of the contemporary world religion has a dominant position over life of people and influence on society. Therefore secularization thesis has been criticized by many contemporary social scientists and from this point of view the author notes that modernism isn’t a ground for secularization.
This article is dealing with the sociological concept of religious belief and examining the basic... more This article is dealing with the sociological concept of religious belief and examining the basic elements of religious phenomena. The sociological definition of religious phenomena is based on functional roles of religion as well as the essence of religious belief. The most accepted sociological definition of religion is that “religion consists of beliefs and behaviors related to sacred.” In addition, the author is attempting to introduce some schemes explaining the dimensions of religious commitment.
Bakı Dövlət Universiteti İlahiyyat Fakültəsinin Elmi Məcmuəsi, Jul 2017
The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic was founded by the Azerbaijani National Council on 28 May 191... more The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic was founded by the Azerbaijani National Council on 28 May 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire. The ADR was the first democratic Republic in the East with parliamentary structure. In short period (1918-1920) ADR coalition governments managed to achieve a number of measures on nation and state building, education and human rights including freedom of religion and conscience. In this article we have discussed the religion-state relationsips and religious policies of political movements in this period.
In this article multiculturalism was examined as a political project promoting the rights of mino... more In this article multiculturalism was examined as a political project promoting the rights of minorities. According to Canadian political philosopher Will Kymlicka, multiculturalism as a political project rejects assimilation and recognizes ethnic and religious minorities, as well as amplifies the cultural and religious differences. However, Canadian philosopher Charles Taylor considers multiculturalism as “recognition policy”. Therefore, while the approach of Kymlicka embodies the liberal aspects of multiculturalism; the approach of Taylor represents the communitarian views of it. This article defines the liberal boundaries of multiculturalism and deals with the criticism that communitarian movement puts forward against classical liberalism.
Karadeniz Technical University Journal Of The Faculty of Divinity, 2017
This article deals with religion-state relationships after independence (1991) in Azerbaijan. W... more This article deals with religion-state relationships after independence (1991) in Azerbaijan. We examine the secularism principle, religion-state relations and laws that provide religious liberties in Constitution of Azerbaijan Republic. We find that the Constitution generally provides the religious liberties that are declared in international human rights conventions and the restrictions that occurred in religious sphere usually caused by deficiencies in implementation of these laws. In addition, the insufficient religious education makes society more vulnerable to external radical religious groups and this factor requires some legal restrictions. While Azerbaijani Government was implementing strict secular policies in early period of independence, it turned into more religious policies in way of financial aids to traditional religious communities. (Shia and Sunni Islam, Orthodox Church, Judaism) Also there isn’t any discrimination between majority and minority religious groups in regard of financial aids.
"Müasir dünyada din təhsili" Respublika Konfransı, 2022
Bu məqalədə, dünyada din təhsili ilə əlaqədar həyata keçirilən fərqli modellər və metodologiyalar... more Bu məqalədə, dünyada din təhsili ilə əlaqədar həyata keçirilən fərqli modellər və metodologiyalar müqayisəli şəkildə təhlil edilir. İlk növbədə, dini təhsili sahəsində əsas nəzəriyyələr – din haqqında öyrənmə və dindən öyrənmə modelləri nəzərdən keçirilir. Konfessional və qeyri-konfessional din təhsilinin üstünlükləri və çatışmazlıqları haqqında məlumat verilir. Daha sonra, bəzi Avropa ölkələrində və post-sovet məkanında din təhsilinin hüquqi əsasları, bu sahədə həyata keçirilən siyasət və müasir dövrdə qarşıya çıxan çağırışlar müzakirə edilir. Məqalə, Azərbaycanda müstəqillikdən sonra həyata keçirilən dünyəvi din təhsili siyasətinin prinsipləri, məqsəd və vəzifələrinin işıqlandırılması ilə yekunlaşdırılır.
“ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN CAUCASIA” II INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, 2019
Educational reforms in Azerbaijan in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
This article investigates... more Educational reforms in Azerbaijan in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This article investigates educational reforms, their outcomes and factors conditioning them in Azerbaijan in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a period which has a special place in the history of education. The aim of the article is to study the establishment of schools of Jadid and Russian-Azerbaijani schools, which were the main subject of educational reforms in that period, their activity as well as the role of educational and public fi gures who took an active part in the reform process. The article studies the period of reformism in the history of national education of Azerbaijan describing the political and social situation of that period, the activities of Usuli-Jadid schools and Russian-Azerbaijani schools, which played an important role in educational reformism as well as their socio-political results. In the process of research, from the point of view of methodology, it is planned to refer to the literature related to the topic – monographs, textbooks, scientifi c articles, journalistic articles of the era, and conduct their detailed analysis.
International Symposium on Sociology of Religion, May 10-12, 2018, AKSARAY/TURKEY, 2018
This research examines the basic dynamics of the religious policies of the
Azerbaijan Republic, ... more This research examines the basic dynamics of the religious policies of the Azerbaijan Republic, which gained its independence in 1991, and deals with the stages of change in the discoursive and practical dimensions of the local politics.
This article examines the relations between religion-state and religion- politics in democratic, ... more This article examines the relations between religion-state and religion- politics in democratic, authoritarian and transitional political regimes. As it is known, various political structures have been developed in the world that regulate the religion-state relations and determine the religious policy of the state. In this sense, it can be said that the political regime and the state's religious policy are in close interaction. The main argument of our article dealing with this issue is that, the purpose and main factors of the state's religious policy differ depending on the nature of the political regime. Thus, the main purpose of the religious policy of liberal-democratic regimes is to ensure freedom of religious belief. The regulation of religion-state relations in this direction appears in liberal-secular model. In transitional societies, there are many restrictions and prohibitions regarding freedom of religious belief. In these cases, the priority of the state's religious policy is to ensure social stability and security. In authoritarian regimes, the religious policy of the state becomes the means of the ruling elites' private interests and pursuit of legitimacy, instead of ensuring the constitutional rights of the citizens. Thus, the article emphasizes the importance of analyzing religion-politics relations from this perspective by showing the difference of religious policies depending on characteristics of political regimes.
Din araşdırmaları jurnalı / Journal of Religious Studies, 2021
This article examines the process of globalization and the various aspects
of the relationship be... more This article examines the process of globalization and the various aspects of the relationship between religions and globalization on the basis of sociological theories. The study begins with the analysis of the process of globalization, and and demonstrates the effects of globalization on religion that have a variety of implications. First of all, the author argues that world religions are not limited to one nation or region and strive for globalization. Thus, the main messages of world religions are global. Then author claims that the process of globalization has important implications for religion; In the global era, religious pluralism relatively reduces the social importance of religion and accelerates the process of secularization. On the other hand, religion continues to meet the psychological and spiritual needs of people, that is, religion has an individual character and maintains its importance in the modern world. In the end, it is shown that in some cases, religion, acting from a conservative position, plays a barrier to cultural globalization, in other words, Westernization. Thus, religion is the main defender of local cultures, community interests and national identity.
This article deals with the study of the mutual influence between religion
and social change from... more This article deals with the study of the mutual influence between religion and social change from a sociological point of view. The topic of religion and social change, as one of the actual problems of the sociology of religion, has attracted the attention of social scientists and various works have appeared in this field. The purpose of this study is to review researches on the relationship between religion and social change and to analyze objectively the topic on the basis of sociological theories and historical facts. The article, first of all, explains the concept of social change in sociological thought. It is noted that social change is not a temporary and formal change, but a permanent change in the socio-cultural system. The interaction of religion with such system changes is multifaceted and complex. The author analyzes the relationship between religion and social change from three aspects: religion as an obstacle to social change, religion as a cause of social change and the impact of social change on religion. First of all, it has been concluded that religion can rarely interfere with social change, but this is usually due to the activities of an organized clergy. Thus, the founders of religion and reformists are usually trying to implement changes and innovations. The topic of religion as a cause of social change is also an important issue. In this regard, the author gives various examples of how religion promotes social change on the basis of concrete historical facts. In respect of the impact of social change on religion, it is noted that due to legal, political, socio-cultural changes in society, it is undeniable that various changes and reforms have taken place in both the organizational structure and doctrines of religions.
XÜLASƏ
Bu məqalədə Çar Rusiyası dövründə Azərbaycanda din və dövlət münasibətləri araşdırılır. Mü... more XÜLASƏ Bu məqalədə Çar Rusiyası dövründə Azərbaycanda din və dövlət münasibətləri araşdırılır. Müəllif Çar hakimiyyətinin Azərbaycanda din siyasətinin əsas istiqamətlərini işıqlandırır, yeni dövrün ortaya qoyduğu çağırışları və yaratdığı imkanları şərh edir. Qeyd olunur ki, bu dövrdə siyasi və mədəni təzyiqlərə baxmayaq, Azərbaycan xalqı milli-mənəvi dəyərlərini qoruyub saxlamış, mədəni və siyasi tərəqqi baxımından yeni mərhələyə qədəm qoymuş, yeni tipli tədris müəssisələri yaradılmış, müstəqil dövlətçilik ideologiyasının inkişafında mühüm addımlar atılmışdır. Məhz bu dövrdə Azərbaycanın mütərəqqi ziyalıları milli və dünyəvi dövlətçilik ənənəsinin əsasını qoymuşlar.
SUMMARY This article examines the relationship between religion and state in Azerbaijan during Tsarist Russia. The author highlights the main directions of the Tsarist government's religious policy in Azerbaijan, discusses the challenges and opportunities created by the new era. It is noted that despite political and cultural pressures, the Azerbaijani people have preserved their national and moral values, entered a new stage in terms of cultural and political progress, created new types of educational institutions and taken important steps in developing the ideology of independent statehood. It was during this period that the progressive intellectuals of Azerbaijan laid the foundation of the tradition of national and secular statehood.
Din Araşdırmaları Jurnalı / Journal of Religious Studies, 2019
Abstract
This article deals with the relationships between religion and modernity in theoretical ... more Abstract This article deals with the relationships between religion and modernity in theoretical perspective which is one of the actual problems of sociology of religion. The main purpose of the article is to identify the effects of the modernization process and postmodernism on religion. Therefore, in first place, the main features of modern society - rationalization, individualism, industrialization, institutional differentiation processes have been explored, as well as examined the effects of modernization on religion in multidimensional aspects. The process of modernization consists of a transition from a traditional agrarian society to a modern industrial society, as well as a combination of technological, economic, social, cultural and political changes that aimed at the modernization of the sociopolitical system. In general, four aspects of the effects of modernization on religion are distinguished: secularization, adaptation, conservatism and innovation. The secularization of society, which means the decline of religion, is merely one aspect of the relationship between religion and modernity, so society's modernization does not necessarily result in the loss of importance of religion in modern society. It is also worth noting that the development of postmodernist thought in modern world creates new opportunities for religious and mystical ideas that are not based on rational and accurate scientific methods. Thus, religious beliefs are gradually beginning to revive as an alternative worldview in postmodern society. РЕЗЮМЕ В данной статье рассматриваются отношения между религией и современностью в теоретической перспективе которая является одной из важнейших проблем социологии религии. Основная цель статьи - выявить влияние процесса модернизации и постмодернизма на религию. Поэтому, в первую очередь, были исследованы основные черты современного общества - рационализация, индивидуализм, индустриализация, процессы институциональной дифференциации, а также исследовано влияние модернизации на религию в многомерных аспектах. Процесс модернизации состоит из перехода от традиционного аграрного общества к современному индустриальному обществу, а также комбинация технологических, экономических, социальных, культурных и политических изменений, направленных на модернизацию социально-политической системы. В целом различают четыре аспекта влияния модернизации на религию: секуляризация, адаптация, консерватизм и инновации. Секуляризация общества, что означает снижения роли религии, является лишь одним из аспектов отношений между религией и современностью, поэтому модернизация общества не обязательно приводит к снижениe важности религии в современном обществе. Стоит также отметить, что развитие постмодернизма в современном мире создает новые возможности для религиозных и мистических идей, которые не основаны на рациональных и точных научных методах. Таким образом, религиозные верования постепенно начинают возрождаться как альтернативное мировоззрение в постмодернистском обществе.
BDU İlahiyyat Fakültəsinin Elmi Məcmuəsi, Jun 2018
Asaf Ganbarov.
Religios Groups: Their Types, Structures And Characteristics
SUMMARY
This artic... more Asaf Ganbarov. Religios Groups: Their Types, Structures And Characteristics
SUMMARY
This article deal with the subject of religious groups according to Sociology of Religion. Religious groups, their different types and characteristics are the important topics of Sociology of Religion. Religious groups generally are smaller and distinct movements within religions and they rarely seek separation from mainstream religious community. They have two main types: natural religious groups and pure religious groups and all these groups have specific beliefs and different practices that have been examined in this article.
Асаф ГАНБАРОВ.
РЕЛИГИОЗНЫЕ ГРУППЫ: ИХ ТИПЫ, СТРУКТУРЫ И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
РЕЗЮМЕ
В этой статье рассматривается предмет религиозных групп по социологии религии. Религиозные группы, их различные типы и характеристики являются важными темами социологии религии. Религиозные группы, как правило, представляют собой меньшие и отдельные движения в религиях, и они редко ищут отделения от основной религиозной общины. Они имеют два основных типа: естественные религиозные группы и чистые религиозные группы, и все эти группы имеют конкретные убеждения и различные практики, которые были рассмотрены в этой статье.
The Journal of Religious Studies / Din Araşdırmaları Jurnalı, Dec 25, 2018
ABSTRACT
This article deals with formation and ideological foundations of religious fundamentali... more ABSTRACT
This article deals with formation and ideological foundations of religious fundamentalism and radicalism in the context of Christianity and Islam. Although, religious fundamentalism arose as a Christian evangelical movement, then it was used for other religious movements, which have similar characteristics. The association of Islamic religious movements with fundamentalism has led to controversies. Because, Islam is different from the Christian evangelism in terms of its specific religious teachings and organizational structure. Since the innerancy of Bible, literalism, the historical factuality of Biblical narratives and other fundamentalist ideas represent marginal approaches in the Christian tradition. However, in Islam it is impossible to approach the main sources of religion – Qur`an and Sunnah in the same way. Because, the vast majority of Muslims believe that the sacred texts of Islam have not changed over time, and contain true and accurate historical information. Nevertheless, religious movements that attracted attention with their political activity, have been labeled as political Islam or Islamic activism. These include mainly religious movements based on the political and religious ideologies of Seyyid Qutb, Mawdudi and Ayatollah Khomeini. Political Islam, at the same time, had a certain impact on the emergence of radical religious movements.
KEYWORDS: fundamentalism, religious radicalism, holy war, evangelism, political Islam.
The article deals with secularization and its connection with modernism. In 19th century some thi... more The article deals with secularization and its connection with modernism. In 19th century some thinkers assumed that the modernization process will produce more secular world and finally the religion will disappear from society at all. But this assumption have not realized yet. In the most corners of the contemporary world religion has a dominant position over life of people and influence on society. Therefore secularization thesis has been criticized by many contemporary social scientists and from this point of view the author notes that modernism isn’t a ground for secularization.
This article is dealing with the sociological concept of religious belief and examining the basic... more This article is dealing with the sociological concept of religious belief and examining the basic elements of religious phenomena. The sociological definition of religious phenomena is based on functional roles of religion as well as the essence of religious belief. The most accepted sociological definition of religion is that “religion consists of beliefs and behaviors related to sacred.” In addition, the author is attempting to introduce some schemes explaining the dimensions of religious commitment.
Bakı Dövlət Universiteti İlahiyyat Fakültəsinin Elmi Məcmuəsi, Jul 2017
The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic was founded by the Azerbaijani National Council on 28 May 191... more The Azerbaijani Democratic Republic was founded by the Azerbaijani National Council on 28 May 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire. The ADR was the first democratic Republic in the East with parliamentary structure. In short period (1918-1920) ADR coalition governments managed to achieve a number of measures on nation and state building, education and human rights including freedom of religion and conscience. In this article we have discussed the religion-state relationsips and religious policies of political movements in this period.
In this article multiculturalism was examined as a political project promoting the rights of mino... more In this article multiculturalism was examined as a political project promoting the rights of minorities. According to Canadian political philosopher Will Kymlicka, multiculturalism as a political project rejects assimilation and recognizes ethnic and religious minorities, as well as amplifies the cultural and religious differences. However, Canadian philosopher Charles Taylor considers multiculturalism as “recognition policy”. Therefore, while the approach of Kymlicka embodies the liberal aspects of multiculturalism; the approach of Taylor represents the communitarian views of it. This article defines the liberal boundaries of multiculturalism and deals with the criticism that communitarian movement puts forward against classical liberalism.
Karadeniz Technical University Journal Of The Faculty of Divinity, 2017
This article deals with religion-state relationships after independence (1991) in Azerbaijan. W... more This article deals with religion-state relationships after independence (1991) in Azerbaijan. We examine the secularism principle, religion-state relations and laws that provide religious liberties in Constitution of Azerbaijan Republic. We find that the Constitution generally provides the religious liberties that are declared in international human rights conventions and the restrictions that occurred in religious sphere usually caused by deficiencies in implementation of these laws. In addition, the insufficient religious education makes society more vulnerable to external radical religious groups and this factor requires some legal restrictions. While Azerbaijani Government was implementing strict secular policies in early period of independence, it turned into more religious policies in way of financial aids to traditional religious communities. (Shia and Sunni Islam, Orthodox Church, Judaism) Also there isn’t any discrimination between majority and minority religious groups in regard of financial aids.
"Müasir dünyada din təhsili" Respublika Konfransı, 2022
Bu məqalədə, dünyada din təhsili ilə əlaqədar həyata keçirilən fərqli modellər və metodologiyalar... more Bu məqalədə, dünyada din təhsili ilə əlaqədar həyata keçirilən fərqli modellər və metodologiyalar müqayisəli şəkildə təhlil edilir. İlk növbədə, dini təhsili sahəsində əsas nəzəriyyələr – din haqqında öyrənmə və dindən öyrənmə modelləri nəzərdən keçirilir. Konfessional və qeyri-konfessional din təhsilinin üstünlükləri və çatışmazlıqları haqqında məlumat verilir. Daha sonra, bəzi Avropa ölkələrində və post-sovet məkanında din təhsilinin hüquqi əsasları, bu sahədə həyata keçirilən siyasət və müasir dövrdə qarşıya çıxan çağırışlar müzakirə edilir. Məqalə, Azərbaycanda müstəqillikdən sonra həyata keçirilən dünyəvi din təhsili siyasətinin prinsipləri, məqsəd və vəzifələrinin işıqlandırılması ilə yekunlaşdırılır.
“ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN CAUCASIA” II INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, 2019
Educational reforms in Azerbaijan in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
This article investigates... more Educational reforms in Azerbaijan in the 19th and early 20th centuries. This article investigates educational reforms, their outcomes and factors conditioning them in Azerbaijan in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a period which has a special place in the history of education. The aim of the article is to study the establishment of schools of Jadid and Russian-Azerbaijani schools, which were the main subject of educational reforms in that period, their activity as well as the role of educational and public fi gures who took an active part in the reform process. The article studies the period of reformism in the history of national education of Azerbaijan describing the political and social situation of that period, the activities of Usuli-Jadid schools and Russian-Azerbaijani schools, which played an important role in educational reformism as well as their socio-political results. In the process of research, from the point of view of methodology, it is planned to refer to the literature related to the topic – monographs, textbooks, scientifi c articles, journalistic articles of the era, and conduct their detailed analysis.
International Symposium on Sociology of Religion, May 10-12, 2018, AKSARAY/TURKEY, 2018
This research examines the basic dynamics of the religious policies of the
Azerbaijan Republic, ... more This research examines the basic dynamics of the religious policies of the Azerbaijan Republic, which gained its independence in 1991, and deals with the stages of change in the discoursive and practical dimensions of the local politics.
"Azərbaycan multikulturalizmi: din və dil siyasətinin inkişaf perspektivləri" Beynəlxalq Konfrans (Bakı: 8-9 Sentyabr, 2016), 2016
In this article multiculturalism was examined as a political project provading minoritiy rights. ... more In this article multiculturalism was examined as a political project provading minoritiy rights. Accorting to Will Kymlicka these minorities are a national minorities, an etnic minorities and some vulnurable groups. Multiculturalism the political project that rejecting assimilation and recognazing national, ethnic and religious differencies as well as promoting these cultural and religious differencies. In this article the author is arguing that, the Legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan is providing the multicultural rights of the national, ethnic and religious minorities within the framework of liberalism.
“Azerbaycan’da Din, Siyaset ve Laiklik” adlı bu tez, geçmişten günümüze Azerbaycan’ın din ve siya... more “Azerbaycan’da Din, Siyaset ve Laiklik” adlı bu tez, geçmişten günümüze Azerbaycan’ın din ve siyaset ilişkilerini tarihsel, kurumsal ve yasal çerçevede inceleme konusu edinmiştir. Tarihsel bağlamda Azerbaycan’ın Safeviler, Çarlık Rusya’sı ve Sovyetler Birliği dönemlerinde siyasal yapının dini kurumlara karşı tutumları ve dinin kültürel hayattaki işlevleri incelendi. Araştırma boyunca, 18. Yüzyıldan başlayarak Rusya yönetiminin Azerbaycan’ın siyasi ve dini hayatında büyük dönüşümlere ve kalıcı kurumsal dirence neden olduğu bulundu. Günümüzde bile Azerbaycan’da bulunan dini kurumların faaliyetlerinde ve hükumetin din politikalarını yürüten yapılarda bu kurumsal sürekliliğin izlerini sürebiliriz. Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti 1991 yılında bağımsızlığını elde ettikten sonra “laik demokratik” bir devlet yapısını benimsedi. Bu yüzden araştırmamızın yasal çerçevesinde, Anayasa’da laiklik ilkesi, devlet-din ilişkileri, din özgürlüklerini temin eden ilgili maddeler incelemeye tabi tutuldu. Böylece Azerbaycan Anayasası’nın, uluslararası insan hakları sözleşmelerinde beyan edilen din özgürlüklerinin genellikle sağlandığı ve din alanına getirilen bazı kısıtlamaların ise daha çok bu yasaların uygulamasındaki yetersizliklerden kaynaklandığı görüldü. Ayrıca toplumun dini eğitim düzeyinin düşük olması nedeniyle dışa bağlı radikal dini gruplara karşı savunmasız olması, dini alanda bazı kısıtlayıcı yasal düzenlemeleri gerektirmektedir. Azerbaycan Hükumeti bağımsızlığın ilk yıllarında sıkı “seküler politika” yürütürken, günümüze doğru geleneksel dinlere finansal destek kapsamında daha çok “dini politika” izlediğini ve bunun ana nedeninin de, dini radikalizmin önlenmesi ve toplumsal barışın ve dinler arası höşgörünün sağlanması olduğu sonucuna vardık. Anahtar Kelimeler : Azerbaycan, Laiklik, Sekülerizm, Din-Devlet İlişkileri, Din ve Siyaset. abstract This thesis that called “Religion, Politics and Laicism in Azerbaijan” deal with the religion-politics relations in Azerbaijan in historical, institutional and legal perspectives from past up to day. In historical context we examined the attitudes of political system toward religious institutions and the functions of religion in cultural life in Safavids, Tsarist Russia and Soviet period. Throughout the research it was found that, starting from the 18th Century the Russian domination caused immense transformations and permanent institutional resistance in Azerbaijani political and cultural sphere. Even today we can trace back this institutional continuity in government's religious policies and in activities of religious groups. Azerbaijan Republic adopted the "secular democratic" state structure after independence in 1991. Thus, in legal perspective we examined the laicism principle, religion-state relations and laws that provides religious liberties in Azerbaijan Constitution. We found that the Constitution generally provides the religious liberties that declared in international human rights conventions and the restrictions that occurred in religious sphere usually caused by deficiencies in implementation of these laws. In addition, the insufficient religious education makes society more vulnerable to external radical religious groups and this factor requires some legal restrictions. While Azerbaijani Government was implementing strict secular policies in early period of independence, It turning to more “religious policies” in way of financial aids to traditional religious communities. We conclude that the main purpose of this religious policy is the prevention of religious radicalism and to provide social stability and inter-religious tolerance. Keywords : Azerbaijan, Laicism, Secularization, Religion-State Relations, Religion and Politics
Bagimsizliktan sonra (1991) Azerbaycan`da din-devlet iliskilerini ele alan bu calismamizda Azerba... more Bagimsizliktan sonra (1991) Azerbaycan`da din-devlet iliskilerini ele alan bu calismamizda Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti Anayasasi’nda laiklik ilkesi, devlet-din iliskileri, din ozgurluklerini temin eden ilgili maddeler incelemeye tabi tutuldu. Boylece Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti Anayasasi’nda, uluslararasi insan haklari sozlesmelerinde beyan edilen din ve vicdan ozgurluklerinin genellikle saglandigi goruldu. Din alanina getirilen bazi kisitlamalarin ise daha cok bu yasalarin uygulamasindaki yetersizliklerden kaynaklandigi tespit edildi. Ayrica toplumun dini egitim duzeyinin dusuk olmasi nedeniyle disa bagli radikal dini gruplara karsi savunmasiz olmasi, dini alanda bazi kisitlayici yasal duzenlemeleri gerektirmektedir. Azerbaycan Hukumeti, bagimsizligin ilk yillarinda siki sekuler politika yurutmekteydi. Gunumuzde ise hukumet, geleneksel dinlere (Şii ve Sunni Islam, Ortodoks Kilisesi, Yahudilik) finansal destek kapsaminda daha cok dini politika izlemektedir. Ayrica bu finansal desteklerde, cog...
Uploads
Peer-reviewed Articles
of the relationship between religions and globalization on the basis of
sociological theories. The study begins with the analysis of the process of
globalization, and and demonstrates the effects of globalization on religion
that have a variety of implications. First of all, the author argues that world
religions are not limited to one nation or region and strive for globalization.
Thus, the main messages of world religions are global. Then author claims
that the process of globalization has important implications for religion; In the
global era, religious pluralism relatively reduces the social importance of
religion and accelerates the process of secularization. On the other hand,
religion continues to meet the psychological and spiritual needs of people,
that is, religion has an individual character and maintains its importance in the
modern world. In the end, it is shown that in some cases, religion, acting from
a conservative position, plays a barrier to cultural globalization, in other
words, Westernization. Thus, religion is the main defender of local cultures,
community interests and national identity.
and social change from a sociological point of view. The topic of religion and social change, as one of the actual problems of the sociology of religion, has attracted the attention of social scientists and various works have appeared in this field. The purpose of this study is to review researches on the relationship between religion and social change and to analyze objectively the topic on the basis of sociological theories and historical facts.
The article, first of all, explains the concept of social change in
sociological thought. It is noted that social change is not a temporary and
formal change, but a permanent change in the socio-cultural system. The
interaction of religion with such system changes is multifaceted and complex.
The author analyzes the relationship between religion and social change from three aspects: religion as an obstacle to social change, religion as a cause of social change and the impact of social change on religion. First of all, it has been concluded that religion can rarely interfere with social change, but this is usually due to the activities of an organized clergy. Thus, the founders of religion and reformists are usually trying to implement changes and innovations. The topic of religion as a cause of social change is also an
important issue. In this regard, the author gives various examples of how
religion promotes social change on the basis of concrete historical facts. In respect of the impact of social change on religion, it is noted that due to legal, political, socio-cultural changes in society, it is undeniable that various changes and reforms have taken place in both the organizational structure and doctrines of religions.
Bu məqalədə Çar Rusiyası dövründə Azərbaycanda din və dövlət münasibətləri araşdırılır. Müəllif Çar hakimiyyətinin Azərbaycanda din siyasətinin əsas istiqamətlərini işıqlandırır, yeni dövrün ortaya qoyduğu çağırışları və yaratdığı imkanları şərh edir. Qeyd olunur ki, bu dövrdə siyasi və mədəni təzyiqlərə baxmayaq, Azərbaycan xalqı milli-mənəvi dəyərlərini qoruyub saxlamış, mədəni və siyasi tərəqqi baxımından yeni mərhələyə qədəm qoymuş, yeni tipli tədris müəssisələri yaradılmış, müstəqil dövlətçilik ideologiyasının inkişafında mühüm addımlar atılmışdır. Məhz bu dövrdə Azərbaycanın mütərəqqi ziyalıları milli və dünyəvi dövlətçilik ənənəsinin əsasını qoymuşlar.
SUMMARY
This article examines the relationship between religion and state in Azerbaijan during Tsarist Russia. The author highlights the main directions of the Tsarist government's religious policy in Azerbaijan, discusses the challenges and opportunities created by the new era. It is noted that despite political and cultural pressures, the Azerbaijani people have preserved their national and moral values, entered a new stage in terms of cultural and political progress, created new types of educational institutions and taken important steps in developing the ideology of independent statehood. It was during this period that the progressive intellectuals of Azerbaijan laid the foundation of the tradition of national and secular statehood.
This article deals with the relationships between religion and modernity in theoretical perspective which is one of the actual problems of sociology of religion. The main purpose of the article is to identify the effects of the modernization process and postmodernism on religion. Therefore, in first place, the main features of modern society - rationalization, individualism, industrialization, institutional differentiation processes have been explored, as well as examined the effects of modernization on religion in multidimensional aspects. The process of modernization consists of a transition from a traditional agrarian society to a modern industrial society, as well as a combination of technological, economic, social, cultural and political changes that aimed at the modernization of the sociopolitical system. In general, four aspects of the effects of modernization on religion are distinguished: secularization, adaptation, conservatism and innovation. The secularization of society, which means the decline of religion, is merely one aspect of the relationship between religion and modernity, so society's modernization does not necessarily result in the loss of importance of religion in modern society. It is also worth noting that the development of postmodernist thought in modern world creates new opportunities for religious and mystical ideas that are not based on rational and accurate scientific methods. Thus, religious beliefs are gradually beginning to revive as an alternative worldview in postmodern society.
РЕЗЮМЕ
В данной статье рассматриваются отношения между религией и современностью в теоретической перспективе которая является одной из важнейших проблем социологии религии. Основная цель статьи - выявить влияние процесса модернизации и постмодернизма на религию. Поэтому, в первую очередь, были исследованы основные черты современного общества - рационализация, индивидуализм, индустриализация, процессы институциональной дифференциации, а также исследовано влияние модернизации на религию в многомерных аспектах. Процесс модернизации состоит из перехода от традиционного аграрного общества к современному индустриальному обществу, а также комбинация технологических, экономических, социальных, культурных и политических изменений, направленных на модернизацию социально-политической системы. В целом различают четыре аспекта влияния модернизации на религию: секуляризация, адаптация, консерватизм и инновации. Секуляризация общества, что означает снижения роли религии, является лишь одним из аспектов отношений между религией и современностью, поэтому модернизация общества не обязательно приводит к снижениe важности религии в современном обществе. Стоит также отметить, что развитие постмодернизма в современном мире создает новые возможности для религиозных и мистических идей, которые не основаны на рациональных и точных научных методах. Таким образом, религиозные верования постепенно начинают возрождаться как альтернативное мировоззрение в постмодернистском обществе.
Religios Groups: Their Types, Structures And Characteristics
SUMMARY
This article deal with the subject of religious groups according to Sociology of Religion. Religious groups, their different types and characteristics are the important topics of Sociology of Religion. Religious groups generally are smaller and distinct movements within religions and they rarely seek separation from mainstream religious community. They have two main types: natural religious groups and pure religious groups and all these groups have specific beliefs and different practices that have been examined in this article.
Асаф ГАНБАРОВ.
РЕЛИГИОЗНЫЕ ГРУППЫ: ИХ ТИПЫ, СТРУКТУРЫ И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
РЕЗЮМЕ
В этой статье рассматривается предмет религиозных групп по социологии религии. Религиозные группы, их различные типы и характеристики являются важными темами социологии религии. Религиозные группы, как правило, представляют собой меньшие и отдельные движения в религиях, и они редко ищут отделения от основной религиозной общины. Они имеют два основных типа: естественные религиозные группы и чистые религиозные группы, и все эти группы имеют конкретные убеждения и различные практики, которые были рассмотрены в этой статье.
This article deals with formation and ideological foundations of religious fundamentalism and radicalism in the context of Christianity and Islam. Although, religious fundamentalism arose as a Christian evangelical movement, then it was used for other religious movements, which have similar characteristics. The association of Islamic religious movements with fundamentalism has led to controversies. Because, Islam is different from the Christian evangelism in terms of its specific religious teachings and organizational structure. Since the innerancy of Bible, literalism, the historical factuality of Biblical narratives and other fundamentalist ideas represent marginal approaches in the Christian tradition. However, in Islam it is impossible to approach the main sources of religion – Qur`an and Sunnah in the same way. Because, the vast majority of Muslims believe that the sacred texts of Islam have not changed over time, and contain true and accurate historical information. Nevertheless, religious movements that attracted attention with their political activity, have been labeled as political Islam or Islamic activism. These include mainly religious movements based on the political and religious ideologies of Seyyid Qutb, Mawdudi and Ayatollah Khomeini. Political Islam, at the same time, had a certain impact on the emergence of radical religious movements.
KEYWORDS: fundamentalism, religious radicalism, holy war, evangelism, political Islam.
beliefs and behaviors related to sacred.” In addition, the author is attempting to introduce some schemes explaining the dimensions of religious commitment.
Conference Presentations
This article investigates educational reforms, their outcomes and factors conditioning them in Azerbaijan in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a period which has a special place in the history of education. The aim of the article is to study the establishment of schools of Jadid and Russian-Azerbaijani schools, which were the main subject of educational reforms in that period, their activity as well as the role of educational and public fi gures who took an active part in the reform process.
The article studies the period of reformism in the history of national education of Azerbaijan describing the political and social situation of that period, the activities of Usuli-Jadid schools and Russian-Azerbaijani schools, which played an important role in educational reformism as well as their socio-political results. In the process of research, from the point of view of methodology, it is planned to refer to the literature related to the topic – monographs, textbooks, scientifi c articles, journalistic articles of the era, and conduct their detailed analysis.
Azerbaijan Republic, which gained its independence in 1991, and deals with
the stages of change in the discoursive and practical dimensions of the local politics.
of the relationship between religions and globalization on the basis of
sociological theories. The study begins with the analysis of the process of
globalization, and and demonstrates the effects of globalization on religion
that have a variety of implications. First of all, the author argues that world
religions are not limited to one nation or region and strive for globalization.
Thus, the main messages of world religions are global. Then author claims
that the process of globalization has important implications for religion; In the
global era, religious pluralism relatively reduces the social importance of
religion and accelerates the process of secularization. On the other hand,
religion continues to meet the psychological and spiritual needs of people,
that is, religion has an individual character and maintains its importance in the
modern world. In the end, it is shown that in some cases, religion, acting from
a conservative position, plays a barrier to cultural globalization, in other
words, Westernization. Thus, religion is the main defender of local cultures,
community interests and national identity.
and social change from a sociological point of view. The topic of religion and social change, as one of the actual problems of the sociology of religion, has attracted the attention of social scientists and various works have appeared in this field. The purpose of this study is to review researches on the relationship between religion and social change and to analyze objectively the topic on the basis of sociological theories and historical facts.
The article, first of all, explains the concept of social change in
sociological thought. It is noted that social change is not a temporary and
formal change, but a permanent change in the socio-cultural system. The
interaction of religion with such system changes is multifaceted and complex.
The author analyzes the relationship between religion and social change from three aspects: religion as an obstacle to social change, religion as a cause of social change and the impact of social change on religion. First of all, it has been concluded that religion can rarely interfere with social change, but this is usually due to the activities of an organized clergy. Thus, the founders of religion and reformists are usually trying to implement changes and innovations. The topic of religion as a cause of social change is also an
important issue. In this regard, the author gives various examples of how
religion promotes social change on the basis of concrete historical facts. In respect of the impact of social change on religion, it is noted that due to legal, political, socio-cultural changes in society, it is undeniable that various changes and reforms have taken place in both the organizational structure and doctrines of religions.
Bu məqalədə Çar Rusiyası dövründə Azərbaycanda din və dövlət münasibətləri araşdırılır. Müəllif Çar hakimiyyətinin Azərbaycanda din siyasətinin əsas istiqamətlərini işıqlandırır, yeni dövrün ortaya qoyduğu çağırışları və yaratdığı imkanları şərh edir. Qeyd olunur ki, bu dövrdə siyasi və mədəni təzyiqlərə baxmayaq, Azərbaycan xalqı milli-mənəvi dəyərlərini qoruyub saxlamış, mədəni və siyasi tərəqqi baxımından yeni mərhələyə qədəm qoymuş, yeni tipli tədris müəssisələri yaradılmış, müstəqil dövlətçilik ideologiyasının inkişafında mühüm addımlar atılmışdır. Məhz bu dövrdə Azərbaycanın mütərəqqi ziyalıları milli və dünyəvi dövlətçilik ənənəsinin əsasını qoymuşlar.
SUMMARY
This article examines the relationship between religion and state in Azerbaijan during Tsarist Russia. The author highlights the main directions of the Tsarist government's religious policy in Azerbaijan, discusses the challenges and opportunities created by the new era. It is noted that despite political and cultural pressures, the Azerbaijani people have preserved their national and moral values, entered a new stage in terms of cultural and political progress, created new types of educational institutions and taken important steps in developing the ideology of independent statehood. It was during this period that the progressive intellectuals of Azerbaijan laid the foundation of the tradition of national and secular statehood.
This article deals with the relationships between religion and modernity in theoretical perspective which is one of the actual problems of sociology of religion. The main purpose of the article is to identify the effects of the modernization process and postmodernism on religion. Therefore, in first place, the main features of modern society - rationalization, individualism, industrialization, institutional differentiation processes have been explored, as well as examined the effects of modernization on religion in multidimensional aspects. The process of modernization consists of a transition from a traditional agrarian society to a modern industrial society, as well as a combination of technological, economic, social, cultural and political changes that aimed at the modernization of the sociopolitical system. In general, four aspects of the effects of modernization on religion are distinguished: secularization, adaptation, conservatism and innovation. The secularization of society, which means the decline of religion, is merely one aspect of the relationship between religion and modernity, so society's modernization does not necessarily result in the loss of importance of religion in modern society. It is also worth noting that the development of postmodernist thought in modern world creates new opportunities for religious and mystical ideas that are not based on rational and accurate scientific methods. Thus, religious beliefs are gradually beginning to revive as an alternative worldview in postmodern society.
РЕЗЮМЕ
В данной статье рассматриваются отношения между религией и современностью в теоретической перспективе которая является одной из важнейших проблем социологии религии. Основная цель статьи - выявить влияние процесса модернизации и постмодернизма на религию. Поэтому, в первую очередь, были исследованы основные черты современного общества - рационализация, индивидуализм, индустриализация, процессы институциональной дифференциации, а также исследовано влияние модернизации на религию в многомерных аспектах. Процесс модернизации состоит из перехода от традиционного аграрного общества к современному индустриальному обществу, а также комбинация технологических, экономических, социальных, культурных и политических изменений, направленных на модернизацию социально-политической системы. В целом различают четыре аспекта влияния модернизации на религию: секуляризация, адаптация, консерватизм и инновации. Секуляризация общества, что означает снижения роли религии, является лишь одним из аспектов отношений между религией и современностью, поэтому модернизация общества не обязательно приводит к снижениe важности религии в современном обществе. Стоит также отметить, что развитие постмодернизма в современном мире создает новые возможности для религиозных и мистических идей, которые не основаны на рациональных и точных научных методах. Таким образом, религиозные верования постепенно начинают возрождаться как альтернативное мировоззрение в постмодернистском обществе.
Religios Groups: Their Types, Structures And Characteristics
SUMMARY
This article deal with the subject of religious groups according to Sociology of Religion. Religious groups, their different types and characteristics are the important topics of Sociology of Religion. Religious groups generally are smaller and distinct movements within religions and they rarely seek separation from mainstream religious community. They have two main types: natural religious groups and pure religious groups and all these groups have specific beliefs and different practices that have been examined in this article.
Асаф ГАНБАРОВ.
РЕЛИГИОЗНЫЕ ГРУППЫ: ИХ ТИПЫ, СТРУКТУРЫ И ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ
РЕЗЮМЕ
В этой статье рассматривается предмет религиозных групп по социологии религии. Религиозные группы, их различные типы и характеристики являются важными темами социологии религии. Религиозные группы, как правило, представляют собой меньшие и отдельные движения в религиях, и они редко ищут отделения от основной религиозной общины. Они имеют два основных типа: естественные религиозные группы и чистые религиозные группы, и все эти группы имеют конкретные убеждения и различные практики, которые были рассмотрены в этой статье.
This article deals with formation and ideological foundations of religious fundamentalism and radicalism in the context of Christianity and Islam. Although, religious fundamentalism arose as a Christian evangelical movement, then it was used for other religious movements, which have similar characteristics. The association of Islamic religious movements with fundamentalism has led to controversies. Because, Islam is different from the Christian evangelism in terms of its specific religious teachings and organizational structure. Since the innerancy of Bible, literalism, the historical factuality of Biblical narratives and other fundamentalist ideas represent marginal approaches in the Christian tradition. However, in Islam it is impossible to approach the main sources of religion – Qur`an and Sunnah in the same way. Because, the vast majority of Muslims believe that the sacred texts of Islam have not changed over time, and contain true and accurate historical information. Nevertheless, religious movements that attracted attention with their political activity, have been labeled as political Islam or Islamic activism. These include mainly religious movements based on the political and religious ideologies of Seyyid Qutb, Mawdudi and Ayatollah Khomeini. Political Islam, at the same time, had a certain impact on the emergence of radical religious movements.
KEYWORDS: fundamentalism, religious radicalism, holy war, evangelism, political Islam.
beliefs and behaviors related to sacred.” In addition, the author is attempting to introduce some schemes explaining the dimensions of religious commitment.
This article investigates educational reforms, their outcomes and factors conditioning them in Azerbaijan in the 19th and early 20th centuries, a period which has a special place in the history of education. The aim of the article is to study the establishment of schools of Jadid and Russian-Azerbaijani schools, which were the main subject of educational reforms in that period, their activity as well as the role of educational and public fi gures who took an active part in the reform process.
The article studies the period of reformism in the history of national education of Azerbaijan describing the political and social situation of that period, the activities of Usuli-Jadid schools and Russian-Azerbaijani schools, which played an important role in educational reformism as well as their socio-political results. In the process of research, from the point of view of methodology, it is planned to refer to the literature related to the topic – monographs, textbooks, scientifi c articles, journalistic articles of the era, and conduct their detailed analysis.
Azerbaijan Republic, which gained its independence in 1991, and deals with
the stages of change in the discoursive and practical dimensions of the local politics.