Explore a selection of our essential drug information below, or:
Identification
- Generic Name
- Plitidepsin
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB04977
- Background
Aplidine is a peptide found in tunicates which shows promise in shrinking tumors in pancreatic, stomach, bladder, and prostate cancers. The specific marine organism is Aplidium albicans. Aplidine is also of interest as a potential treatment for some leukemias.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Plitidepsin (DB04977)
- Weight
- Average: 1110.357
Monoisotopic: 1109.626015129 - Chemical Formula
- C57H87N7O15
- Synonyms
- Dehydrodidemnin B
- Plitidepsin
- Plitidepsina
- Plitidepsine
- Plitidepsium
- External IDs
- NSC638719
Pharmacology
- Indication
Intended for the treatment of various forms of cancer.
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Not Available
- Mechanism of action
Plitidepsin has antineoplastic activity which stems from plitidepsin's ability to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis.8 Plitidepsin's primary intracellular target is the eukaryotic elongation factor 1A2 (eEF1A2).8,7 It also inhibits the growth and induces apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells by inhibiting VEGF secretion, which blocks the VEGF/VEGFR-1 autocrine loop that is required for the growth of the MOLT-4 cells.1,8
Through inhibition of eEF1A, plitidepsin also demonstrated antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.8
The exact mechanism of action is not fully understood and plitidepsin may have multiple modes of action.
Target Actions Organism APalmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 modulatorHumans UElongation factor 1-alpha 2 Not Available Humans - Absorption
Not Available
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Hepatic
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Not Available
- Pathways
- Not Available
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.
Drug Interaction Integrate drug-drug
interactions in your softwareAbatacept The metabolism of Plitidepsin can be increased when combined with Abatacept. Acetaminophen The metabolism of Plitidepsin can be decreased when combined with Acetaminophen. Adalimumab The metabolism of Plitidepsin can be increased when combined with Adalimumab. Ambroxol The risk or severity of methemoglobinemia can be increased when Plitidepsin is combined with Ambroxol. Amiodarone The metabolism of Plitidepsin can be decreased when combined with Amiodarone. - Food Interactions
- Not Available
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- International/Other Brands
- Aplidin / Aplidine
Categories
- ATC Codes
- L01XX57 — Plitidepsin
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as cyclic depsipeptides. These are natural or synthetic compounds having sequences of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually α-amino and α-hydroxy acids) connected in a ring. The residues are commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Peptidomimetics
- Sub Class
- Depsipeptides
- Direct Parent
- Cyclic depsipeptides
- Alternative Parents
- Leucine and derivatives / Macrolide lactams / Macrolactams / N-acyl-alpha amino acids and derivatives / Proline and derivatives / Alpha amino acid esters / Alpha amino acid amides / Methoxybenzenes / Pyrrolidinecarboxamides / N-acylpyrrolidines show 20 more
- Substituents
- 1,3-dicarbonyl compound / Alcohol / Alkyl aryl ether / Alpha-acyloxy ketone / Alpha-amino acid amide / Alpha-amino acid ester / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Anisole / Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle show 40 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- Not Available
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- Y76ID234HW
- CAS number
- 137219-37-5
- InChI Key
- UUSZLLQJYRSZIS-LXNNNBEUSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C57H87N7O15/c1-15-33(8)46-44(66)29-45(67)79-49(32(6)7)48(68)34(9)50(69)58-39(26-30(2)3)54(73)64-25-17-19-41(64)56(75)62(13)43(28-37-20-22-38(77-14)23-21-37)57(76)78-36(11)47(52(71)59-46)60-51(70)42(27-31(4)5)61(12)55(74)40-18-16-24-63(40)53(72)35(10)65/h20-23,30-34,36,39-44,46-47,49,66H,15-19,24-29H2,1-14H3,(H,58,69)(H,59,71)(H,60,70)/t33-,34-,36+,39-,40-,41-,42+,43-,44-,46+,47-,49-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2R)-N-[(3S,6R,7S,10R,11S,15S,17S,20S,25aS)-10-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-11-hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2,6,17-trimethyl-20-(2-methylpropyl)-1,4,8,13,16,18,21-heptaoxo-15-(propan-2-yl)-docosahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-f]1,15-dioxa-4,7,10,20-tetraazacyclotricosan-7-yl]-4-methyl-2-{N-methyl-1-[(2S)-1-(2-oxopropanoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl]formamido}pentanamide
- SMILES
- [H][C@@]12CCCN1C(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@@H](C)C(=O)[C@@H](OC(=O)C[C@H](O)[C@]([H])(NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](CC(C)C)N(C)C(=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(=O)C(C)=O)[C@@H](C)OC(=O)[C@H](CC1=CC=C(OC)C=C1)N(C)C2=O)[C@@H](C)CC)C(C)C
References
- General References
- Broggini M, Marchini SV, Galliera E, Borsotti P, Taraboletti G, Erba E, Sironi M, Jimeno J, Faircloth GT, Giavazzi R, D'Incalci M: Aplidine, a new anticancer agent of marine origin, inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and blocks VEGF-VEGFR-1 (flt-1) autocrine loop in human leukemia cells MOLT-4. Leukemia. 2003 Jan;17(1):52-9. [Article]
- Depenbrock H, Peter R, Faircloth GT, Manzanares I, Jimeno J, Hanauske AR: In vitro activity of aplidine, a new marine-derived anti-cancer compound, on freshly explanted clonogenic human tumour cells and haematopoietic precursor cells. Br J Cancer. 1998 Sep;78(6):739-44. [Article]
- Sparidans RW, Kettenes-van den Bosch JJ, van Tellingen O, Nuyen B, Henrar RE, Jimeno JM, Faircloth G, Floriano P, Rinehart KL, Beijnen JH: Bioanalysis of aplidine, a new marine antitumoral depsipeptide, in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography after derivatization with trans-4-hydrazino-2-stilbazole. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 Jun 11;729(1-2):43-53. [Article]
- Celli N, Gallardo AM, Rossi C, Zucchetti M, D'Incalci M, Rotilio D: Analysis of aplidine (dehydrodidemnin B), a new marine-derived depsipeptide, in rat biological fluids by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999 Aug 20;731(2):335-43. [Article]
- Nuijen B, Bouma M, Henrar RE, Floriano P, Jimeno JM, Talsma H, Kettenes-van den Bosch JJ, Heck AJ, Bult A, Beijnen JH: Pharmaceutical development of a parenteral lyophilized formulation of the novel antitumor agent aplidine. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol. 2000 May-Jun;54(3):193-208. [Article]
- Brandon EF, Sparidans RW, van Ooijen RD, Meijerman I, Lazaro LL, Manzanares I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH: In vitro characterization of the human biotransformation pathways of aplidine, a novel marine anti-cancer drug. Invest New Drugs. 2007 Feb;25(1):9-19. [Article]
- Delgado-Calle J, Kurihara N, Atkinson EG, Nelson J, Miyagawa K, Galmarini CM, Roodman GD, Bellido T: Aplidin (plitidepsin) is a novel anti-myeloma agent with potent anti-resorptive activity mediated by direct effects on osteoclasts. Oncotarget. 2019 Apr 12;10(28):2709-2721. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.26831. eCollection 2019 Apr 12. [Article]
- Papapanou M, Papoutsi E, Giannakas T, Katsaounou P: Plitidepsin: Mechanisms and Clinical Profile of a Promising Antiviral Agent against COVID-19. J Pers Med. 2021 Jul 16;11(7). pii: jpm11070668. doi: 10.3390/jpm11070668. [Article]
- External Links
- KEGG Compound
- C16862
- PubChem Compound
- 9812534
- PubChem Substance
- 175426924
- ChemSpider
- 24687645
- ChEBI
- 90205
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL451930
- PDBe Ligand
- ZIY
- Wikipedia
- Plitidepsin
- PDB Entries
- 8g5z / 8g60
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Clinical Trial & Rare Diseases Add-on Data Package
Explore 4,000+ rare diseases, orphan drugs & condition pairs, clinical trial why stopped data, & more. Preview package Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count Start Date Why Stopped 100+ additional columns Unlock 175K+ rows when you subscribe.View sample data3 Completed Treatment Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 3 Terminated Treatment Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) / Covid 19 Infection 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 2 Completed Treatment Leukemias / Lymphoma 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 2 Completed Treatment Multiple Myeloma (MM) 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide 2 Completed Treatment Myelofibrosis 1 somestatus stop reason just information to hide
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
- Not Available
- Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
- Not Available
- Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 0.0201 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 3.07 ALOGPS logP 3.98 Chemaxon logS -4.7 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 10.91 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -3.1 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 13 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 4 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 284.74 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 15 Chemaxon Refractivity 288.14 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 117.17 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 4 Chemaxon Bioavailability 0 Chemaxon Rule of Five No Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule Yes Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption - 0.5955 Blood Brain Barrier - 0.9925 Caco-2 permeable - 0.8093 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.871 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.5983 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.6832 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9272 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8754 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8752 CYP450 3A4 substrate Substrate 0.6458 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9633 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8868 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8675 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8931 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.7351 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9601 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.815 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9054 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.8974 Rat acute toxicity 2.8308 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9549 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.6708
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 324.45712 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 326.18088 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 332.50983 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Modulator
- General Function
- Removes thioester-linked fatty acyl groups such as palmitate from modified cysteine residues in proteins or peptides during lysosomal degradation. Prefers acyl chain lengths of 14 to 18 carbons (PubMed:8816748)
- Specific Function
- long-chain fatty acyl-CoA hydrolase activity
- Gene Name
- PPT1
- Uniprot ID
- P50897
- Uniprot Name
- Palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 34193.245 Da
References
- Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhao D, Yu X, Shen X, Zhou Y, Wang S, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhu F: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database describing target druggability information. Nucleic Acids Res. 2024 Jan 5;52(D1):D1465-D1477. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkad751. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- This protein promotes the GTP-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of ribosomes during protein biosynthesis
- Specific Function
- GTP binding
- Gene Name
- EEF1A2
- Uniprot ID
- Q05639
- Uniprot Name
- Elongation factor 1-alpha 2
- Molecular Weight
- 50469.86 Da
References
- Papapanou M, Papoutsi E, Giannakas T, Katsaounou P: Plitidepsin: Mechanisms and Clinical Profile of a Promising Antiviral Agent against COVID-19. J Pers Med. 2021 Jul 16;11(7). pii: jpm11070668. doi: 10.3390/jpm11070668. [Article]
- Delgado-Calle J, Kurihara N, Atkinson EG, Nelson J, Miyagawa K, Galmarini CM, Roodman GD, Bellido T: Aplidin (plitidepsin) is a novel anti-myeloma agent with potent anti-resorptive activity mediated by direct effects on osteoclasts. Oncotarget. 2019 Apr 12;10(28):2709-2721. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.26831. eCollection 2019 Apr 12. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids (PubMed:10681376, PubMed:11093772, PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:19965576, PubMed:20702771, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds (PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847, PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:21490593, PubMed:21576599, PubMed:2732228). Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C-16 position (PubMed:11555828, PubMed:12865317, PubMed:14559847). Plays a role in the metabolism of androgens, particularly in oxidative deactivation of testosterone (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:22773874, PubMed:2732228). Metabolizes testosterone to less biologically active 2beta- and 6beta-hydroxytestosterones (PubMed:15373842, PubMed:15764715, PubMed:2732228). Contributes to the formation of hydroxycholesterols (oxysterols), particularly A-ring hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-4beta position, and side chain hydroxylated cholesterol at the C-25 position, likely contributing to cholesterol degradation and bile acid biosynthesis (PubMed:21576599). Catalyzes bisallylic hydroxylation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (PubMed:9435160). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA with a preference for the last double bond (PubMed:19965576). Metabolizes endocannabinoid arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) to 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EpETrE-EAs), potentially modulating endocannabinoid system signaling (PubMed:20702771). Plays a role in the metabolism of retinoids. Displays high catalytic activity for oxidation of all-trans-retinol to all-trans-retinal, a rate-limiting step for the biosynthesis of all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) (PubMed:10681376). Further metabolizes atRA toward 4-hydroxyretinoate and may play a role in hepatic atRA clearance (PubMed:11093772). Responsible for oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics. Acts as a 2-exo-monooxygenase for plant lipid 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) (PubMed:11159812). Metabolizes the majority of the administered drugs. Catalyzes sulfoxidation of the anthelmintics albendazole and fenbendazole (PubMed:10759686). Hydroxylates antimalarial drug quinine (PubMed:8968357). Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (PubMed:11695850). Also involved in vitamin D catabolism and calcium homeostasis. Catalyzes the inactivation of the active hormone calcitriol (1-alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) (PubMed:29461981)
- Specific Function
- 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP3A4
- Uniprot ID
- P08684
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 3A4
- Molecular Weight
- 57342.67 Da
References
- Brandon EF, Sparidans RW, van Ooijen RD, Meijerman I, Lazaro LL, Manzanares I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH: In vitro characterization of the human biotransformation pathways of aplidine, a novel marine anti-cancer drug. Invest New Drugs. 2007 Feb;25(1):9-19. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. Possesses low phenacetin O-deethylation activity
- Specific Function
- arachidonic acid epoxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2A6
- Uniprot ID
- P11509
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2A6
- Molecular Weight
- 56517.005 Da
References
- Brandon EF, Sparidans RW, van Ooijen RD, Meijerman I, Lazaro LL, Manzanares I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH: In vitro characterization of the human biotransformation pathways of aplidine, a novel marine anti-cancer drug. Invest New Drugs. 2007 Feb;25(1):9-19. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates fatty acids specifically at the omega-1 position displaying the highest catalytic activity for saturated fatty acids (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:18577768). May be involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics (Probable)
- Specific Function
- 4-nitrophenol 2-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP2E1
- Uniprot ID
- P05181
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 2E1
- Molecular Weight
- 56848.42 Da
References
- Brandon EF, Sparidans RW, van Ooijen RD, Meijerman I, Lazaro LL, Manzanares I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH: In vitro characterization of the human biotransformation pathways of aplidine, a novel marine anti-cancer drug. Invest New Drugs. 2007 Feb;25(1):9-19. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and their oxygenated derivatives (oxylipins) (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:10660572, PubMed:15611369, PubMed:1739747, PubMed:7679927, PubMed:8914854). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase) (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:10660572, PubMed:15611369, PubMed:1739747, PubMed:7679927, PubMed:8914854). Catalyzes predominantly the oxidation of the terminal carbon (omega-oxidation) of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, the catalytic efficiency decreasing in the following order: dodecanoic > tetradecanoic > (9Z)-octadecenoic > (9Z,12Z)-octadecadienoic > hexadecanoic acid (PubMed:10553002, PubMed:10660572). Acts as a major omega-hydroxylase for dodecanoic (lauric) acid in liver (PubMed:15611369, PubMed:1739747, PubMed:7679927, PubMed:8914854). Participates in omega-hydroxylation of (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonate) to 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a signaling molecule acting both as vasoconstrictive and natriuretic with overall effect on arterial blood pressure (PubMed:10620324, PubMed:10660572, PubMed:15611369). Can also catalyze the oxidation of the penultimate carbon (omega-1 oxidation) of fatty acids with lower efficiency (PubMed:7679927). May contribute to the degradation of saturated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) such as docosanoic acid, by catalyzing successive omega-oxidations to the corresponding dicarboxylic acid, thereby initiating chain shortening (PubMed:18182499). Omega-hydroxylates (9R,10S)-epoxy-octadecanoate stereoisomer (PubMed:15145985). Plays a minor role in omega-oxidation of long-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids (PubMed:18065749). Has little activity toward prostaglandins A1 and E1 (PubMed:7679927)
- Specific Function
- alkane 1-monooxygenase activity
- Gene Name
- CYP4A11
- Uniprot ID
- Q02928
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 4A11
- Molecular Weight
- 59347.31 Da
References
- Brandon EF, Sparidans RW, van Ooijen RD, Meijerman I, Lazaro LL, Manzanares I, Beijnen JH, Schellens JH: In vitro characterization of the human biotransformation pathways of aplidine, a novel marine anti-cancer drug. Invest New Drugs. 2007 Feb;25(1):9-19. [Article]
Drug created at October 21, 2007 22:23 / Updated at August 26, 2024 19:23